Factor structure of the HIV-SM LMIC self-management questionnaire for people living with HIV in low- and middle-income countries.

Abstract

Introduction: Despite the need for reliable questionnaires to monitor self-management in chronic disease patients, such tools are lacking in developing countries. This study aims to pilot and assess the construct validity of the HIV-SM LMIC questionnaire.

Method: The validation of the HIV-SM LMIC questionnaire involved two cross-sectional studies in Ethiopia. The first round, for exploratory factor analysis (EFA), included 261 patients, while the second round, for confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), included 300 patients. Data was collected using the Kobo Collect electronic data entry template.

Result: The sample adequacy test showed a good value of 0.82. In the first round, 6 of the 32 items were not loaded, forming three factors in the EFA. Four of these items were dropped, but two (PSMB2 and PSMB12) were retained for their content. In the second round, CFA on the remaining 28 items led to dropping 8 more items due to conceptual overlap, resulting in a 20-item questionnaire. The final items were structured into three dimensions: awareness and well-being (4 items), self-regulation (6 items), and self-management practices (10 items).

Conclusion: The study refined the original 32-item HIV-SM LMIC questionnaire to a validated 20-item, three-dimensional tool with an acceptable goodness of fit. The authors recommend further cross-cultural and predictive validation and adaptation for newly diagnosed HIV patients, those with poor treatment outcomes.