Optimizing washing conditions for smart fabrics: a comprehensive study

Abstract

This study aimed to determine optimal washing and drying methods for maintaining the functionality of silver-coated conductive knitted fabrics, commonly used in wearable smart products. By investigating changes in the physical, chemical, and electrical properties of these fabrics under various care conditions, we sought to provide recommendations for their proper maintenance. Results showed that mechanical friction during washing, combined with the chemical effect of detergent and the effects of machine drying, led to peeling and oxidation of the silver layer, resulting in changes to the fabric's appearance, color and increased surface resistance. Washing temperatures of 60 °C and the use of neutral detergents caused significant degradation of the silver coating, whereas alkaline detergents and lower temperatures (below 40 °C) caused relatively less damage. Machine drying, as opposed to air drying, further exacerbated damage to the conductive layer. Although the total hand value of the fabrics remained largely unchanged across most conditions, washing at 60 °C and using neutral detergents led to noticeable increases in smoothness and softness. Changes in fabric properties, particularly shrinkage and increased clothing pressure after washing, were observed through 3D virtual fitting, suggesting potential impacts on wear comfort. The study concluded that the care methods for smart clothing should be tailored to both the intended functionality and the wearer's comfort, with a balance between electrical stability and physical properties. Future research should focus on developing standardized guidelines for the care of conductive fabrics to ensure long-term performance and user satisfaction.