Return to play in professional football players following traumatic cervical spine injury: expert opinions from the National Football League spine surgeons.

Abstract

Objective: There is a paucity of high-quality return-to-play (RTP) data following treatment of cervical spine injuries in contact sports. In this study, the authors gathered insights from National Football League (NFL) team spine surgeon consultants to highlight current practices in treating cervical spine injuries and report decision-making regarding RTP in professional American football players.

Methods: A cross-sectional, online survey was distributed to all NFL consulting physicians specializing in the management of spine injuries. The survey covered the following five clinical vignettes of cervical spine injuries: 1) radiculopathy, 2) myelopathy, 3) unilateral facet fracture, 4) unilateral facet dislocation, and 5) neck pain with MRI showing a ligamentous STIR signal. Participants were asked about management options and criteria to clear players for RTP using a combination of multiple-choice and open-ended answers.

Results: A total of 26 physicians from 21 of 32 (66%) teams responded. Anterior surgery was most commonly recommended for cervical disc herniation causing radiculopathy or myelopathy (73% and 88%, respectively). A rigid cervical orthosis was preferred by 68% of experts for initial management of nondisplaced unilateral facet fracture, but single-level anterior fusion was preferred by 56% for a unilateral facet dislocation. Common criteria to clear players for RTP with cervical disc herniation causing radiculopathy included a normal examination (85%), radiographic fusion postoperatively (58%), and pain-free range of motion (50%). Contraindications for RTP included persistent stenosis (35%), instability (31%), multilevel fusion (27%), and persistent cord signal change (23%). Additional criteria for RTP in players with facet fractures or dislocations included radiographic evidence of fracture healing (32% and 24%, respectively) and normal flexion/extension radiographs (24% and 32%, respectively). Finally, for players with isolated ligamentous STIR signal changes, resolution of MRI findings was required by 36% of responding physicians prior to RTP.

Conclusions: Decision-making regarding RTP after cervical spine injuries in professional football players is complex and influenced by improvement of symptoms, pain-free range of motion, and radiographic evidence of fusion or fracture healing. Respondents preferred anterior cervical discectomy and fusion for disc herniations causing cervical radiculopathy and myelopathy, rigid orthosis for unilateral facet fractures, and surgery for unilateral facet dislocations. The results of this study provide insight into how surgeons serving as consultants to professional football teams may counsel players who sustain cervical spine injuries.