Comparison of the combined toxicity of PFOA and emerging alternatives: A comprehensive evaluation of oxidative damage, apoptosis and immunotoxicity in embryonic and adult zebrafish

IF 11.4 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL

Water Research Pub Date : 2024-12-21 DOI:10.1016/j.watres.2024.123028

Jingwen Zhang, Shuolin Zhang, Chengbo Lu, Xiaole Wang, Zhongkun Du, Jinhua Wang, Bing Li, Jun Wang, Lusheng Zhu

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Abstract

Perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) and perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) are widely used substitutes to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). Whether these substitutes are less toxic than PFOA remains unclear owing to differences in the experimental methods, test organisms, and other experimental conditions in previous studies. The present study selected 0.5 and 5 μg L^–1 as the test concentrations and simultaneously compared the combined toxicity of the substitutes and PFOA in terms of oxidative damage, neurotoxicity, apoptosis, and immunotoxicity in two developmental stages of zebrafish (adult and embryos) under the same test conditions. The results indicated that in both adult and embryonic zebrafish, PFHxA, PFBA, and PFOA disrupt redox homeostasis, stimulate cell proliferation, and lead to carcinogenesis. The mechanisms by which PFHxA and PFOA induce neurotoxicity and immunotoxicity were similar. Molecular docking analysis showed that the substitutes and PFOA stably attached to proteins and changed their structure and function. The obtained integrated biomarker response index values indicated that the toxicity of PFHxA, PFBA, and PFOA in zebrafish increased with increasing concentrations; PFHxA was more toxic than PFOA. The present study clarified the ecotoxicity of PFHxA and PFBA in zebrafish and simultaneously compared the differences in toxicity between the substitutes and PFOA to zebrafish, providing a robust scientific basis for the clarification and selection of safe substitutes to PFOA.

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PFOA与新出现替代品的综合毒性比较：胚胎和成年斑马鱼的氧化损伤、细胞凋亡和免疫毒性的综合评估

全氟己酸（PFHxA）和全氟丁酸（PFBA）是全氟辛酸（PFOA）的广泛替代品。由于以往研究中实验方法、试验生物和其他实验条件的差异，这些替代品是否比全氟辛酸毒性更小尚不清楚。本研究选择0.5和5 μg L-1作为试验浓度，同时比较了在相同试验条件下，代用物与PFOA在斑马鱼（成鱼和胚胎）两个发育阶段的氧化损伤、神经毒性、细胞凋亡和免疫毒性的联合毒性。结果表明，在成年和胚胎斑马鱼中，PFHxA、PFBA和PFOA破坏氧化还原稳态，刺激细胞增殖，导致致癌。PFHxA和PFOA诱导神经毒性和免疫毒性的机制相似。分子对接分析表明，取代物与PFOA稳定地附着在蛋白质上，改变了蛋白质的结构和功能。得到的综合生物标志物反应指数值表明，PFHxA、PFBA和PFOA对斑马鱼的毒性随浓度的增加而增加；PFHxA毒性大于PFOA。本研究明确了PFHxA和PFBA对斑马鱼的生态毒性，同时比较了替代品与PFOA对斑马鱼的毒性差异，为澄清和选择安全的PFOA替代品提供了有力的科学依据。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Water Research 环境科学-工程：环境

CiteScore

20.80

自引率

9.40%

发文量

1307

审稿时长

38 days

期刊介绍： Water Research, along with its open access companion journal Water Research X, serves as a platform for publishing original research papers covering various aspects of the science and technology related to the anthropogenic water cycle, water quality, and its management worldwide. The audience targeted by the journal comprises biologists, chemical engineers, chemists, civil engineers, environmental engineers, limnologists, and microbiologists. The scope of the journal include: •Treatment processes for water and wastewaters (municipal, agricultural, industrial, and on-site treatment), including resource recovery and residuals management; •Urban hydrology including sewer systems, stormwater management, and green infrastructure; •Drinking water treatment and distribution; •Potable and non-potable water reuse; •Sanitation, public health, and risk assessment; •Anaerobic digestion, solid and hazardous waste management, including source characterization and the effects and control of leachates and gaseous emissions; •Contaminants (chemical, microbial, anthropogenic particles such as nanoparticles or microplastics) and related water quality sensing, monitoring, fate, and assessment; •Anthropogenic impacts on inland, tidal, coastal and urban waters, focusing on surface and ground waters, and point and non-point sources of pollution; •Environmental restoration, linked to surface water, groundwater and groundwater remediation; •Analysis of the interfaces between sediments and water, and between water and atmosphere, focusing specifically on anthropogenic impacts; •Mathematical modelling, systems analysis, machine learning, and beneficial use of big data related to the anthropogenic water cycle; •Socio-economic, policy, and regulations studies.