The characteristics of phthalate acid esters and bisphenol A in PM2.5 of a petrochemical city: Concentrations, compositions, and health risk assessment in Dongying

IF 7.6 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Fangyun Long , Yanqin Ren , Yuanyuan Ji , Xurong Bai , Hong Li , Gehui Wang , Xiaoyu Yan , Yubao Chen , Junling Li , Haijie Zhang , Rui Gao , Fang Bi , Zhenhai Wu
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Abstract

Phthalate acid esters (PAEs) and bisphenol A (BPA) are recognized as common endocrine disruptors associated with various adverse effects on human health. However, limitations in existing systematic studies, particularly in air detection, have raised concerns about potential health risks from inhalation exposure. In this study, PM2.5 samples were collected in Dongying, a petrochemical city, from October 27 to December 6, 2021. The concentrations and compositions of PAEs and BPA in PM2.5 were analyzed, and health risks associated with inhalation exposure were assessed. The hazard index (HI) and cancer risk (CR) were calculated according to EPA standard methods for both adults and children. The mean concentrations of PAEs and BPA were determined to be 1152 and 3.7 ng/m3, respectively. BPA concentrations were found to increase during heating, whereas PAE concentrations were observed to decrease slightly. Diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), a major PAE, was reduced by approximately 20% during heating. However, 1,4-dimethylphthalazine (DMP) and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were observed to increase from 4.2 to 14% and from 5.9 to 11%, respectively. It is hypothesized that variations in the concentrations and compositions of airborne PAEs and BPA were influenced by district heating. An increase in the percentage of DEHP in PM2.5 was noted on polluted days, likely influenced by saturated vapor pressure. The estimated daily intake (EDI) for children was calculated to be higher than that for adults, indicating that children were exposed to significantly greater potential risks, although overall risks were observed to be low. The results of this study provide essential baseline data, such as concentration, for the management and control of emerging pollutants like endocrine disruptors in the urban atmosphere.

Abstract Image

Abstract Image

东营市石化城市PM2.5中邻苯二甲酸酯和双酚A的浓度、组成及健康风险评价
邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)和双酚A (BPA)被认为是常见的内分泌干扰物,对人体健康有各种不利影响。然而,现有系统研究的局限性,特别是在空气探测方面的局限性,引起了人们对吸入接触可能造成的健康风险的关注。本研究于2021年10月27日至12月6日在石化城市东营市采集PM2.5样本。分析了PM2.5中PAEs和BPA的浓度和组成,并评估了吸入暴露相关的健康风险。根据EPA标准方法计算成人和儿童的危害指数(HI)和致癌风险(CR)。PAEs和BPA的平均浓度分别为1152和3.7 ng/m3。BPA浓度在加热过程中增加,而PAE浓度略有下降。邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯(DiBP)是一种主要的PAE,在加热过程中减少了大约20%。然而,1,4-二甲基酞嗪(DMP)和邻苯二甲酸双(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)分别从4.2增加到14%和从5.9增加到11%。据推测,空气中PAEs和BPA浓度和成分的变化受到区域供热的影响。在污染日,可能受到饱和蒸汽压的影响,PM2.5中DEHP的百分比有所上升。据估计,儿童的每日摄入量(EDI)高于成人,这表明儿童面临的潜在风险要大得多,尽管观察到的总体风险很低。这项研究的结果为管理和控制城市大气中内分泌干扰物等新出现的污染物提供了基本的基线数据,如浓度。
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来源期刊
Environmental Pollution
Environmental Pollution 环境科学-环境科学
CiteScore
16.00
自引率
6.70%
发文量
2082
审稿时长
2.9 months
期刊介绍: Environmental Pollution is an international peer-reviewed journal that publishes high-quality research papers and review articles covering all aspects of environmental pollution and its impacts on ecosystems and human health. Subject areas include, but are not limited to: • Sources and occurrences of pollutants that are clearly defined and measured in environmental compartments, food and food-related items, and human bodies; • Interlinks between contaminant exposure and biological, ecological, and human health effects, including those of climate change; • Contaminants of emerging concerns (including but not limited to antibiotic resistant microorganisms or genes, microplastics/nanoplastics, electronic wastes, light, and noise) and/or their biological, ecological, or human health effects; • Laboratory and field studies on the remediation/mitigation of environmental pollution via new techniques and with clear links to biological, ecological, or human health effects; • Modeling of pollution processes, patterns, or trends that is of clear environmental and/or human health interest; • New techniques that measure and examine environmental occurrences, transport, behavior, and effects of pollutants within the environment or the laboratory, provided that they can be clearly used to address problems within regional or global environmental compartments.
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