Observing the evolution of 1D nanostructures in liquids: Advances and application

Abstract

One-dimensional (1D) nanostructures including nanorods, nanowires, and nanotubes, serve as unique platforms for a broad spectrum of advanced applications in catalysis, electronics, and biomedical applications. Understanding the growth and transformation mechanisms of 1D nanostructures by in situ liquid-phase transmission electron microscopy (LP-TEM) is critical to designing advanced 1D nanostructures for different applications. In this review, we provide a detailed examination of the dynamic evolution and structural transformations of 1D nanostructures in liquid media from colloidal synthesis to photo/electrochemical and biological applications. After briefly introducing of liquid cells by in situ TEM, the recent processes including nucleation growth, etching, and self-assembly are explored, focusing on enhancing mechanistic understanding of these dynamic phenomena in real-time. Then we discuss the insights gained into the formation mechanisms of 1D core–shell structures, emphasizing their kinetic and thermodynamic factors, interfacial dynamics and chemical environment. The guiding and designing photo/electrochemical and biological systems is also highlighted, showcasing how these in situ observations contribute to the optimization of more efficient catalysts and visualization of biomaterials. Finally, we propose a perspective on how in situ or operando LP-TEM can further drive innovation in the study and application of 1D nanostructures.