An assessment of weathering in sandstone masonry built with earthen mortars: the case of the ancient rope Bridge Ferry, China

IF 3.7 2区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL
Wenwu Chen, Liufang Li, Peiran Liu, Li Wang, Qian Xia, Jiachang Luo
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Abstract

The Ancient Rope Bridge Ferry, a culturally significant heritage site along the Silk Road, represents a key element of China’s historical legacy. However, prolonged neglect and inadequate maintenance have left the site increasingly vulnerable to natural weathering. Conservation efforts are further complicated by a limited understanding of the building materials and the unclear mechanisms of deterioration, which impede effective preservation strategies. To address this, this study assessed the conservation state of this monument through laboratory analysis and field tests. Several techniques, such as XRD, polarizing microscopy, and TESCAN Integrated Mineral Analyzer (TIMA) were used to investigate the weathering of sandstone, revealing that weathering accelerates feldspar alteration and carbonate mineral dissolution. Mortar was also found to contribute to salt weathering and the formation of gypsum crusts. Field non-destructive testing (NDT) and a CRITIC-based Integrated Weathering Index (IWI) were employed to quantify the degree of weathering. The results showed spatial variability in weathering: (1) the most pronounced deterioration occurred in the upper and lower wet areas of the wall due to precipitation and capillary water, respectively; (2) the northeast facades of walls were most heavily weathered, primarily influenced by wind-driven rains; (3) while weathering in the ferry and fort zones was similar, greater biological colonization was observed in the ferry zone. This study provides a reference for the future preservation and restoration of the monument.

用土灰浆建造的砂岩砌体的风化评估:以中国古代绳桥轮渡为例
古绳桥渡口是丝绸之路上的重要文化遗产,是中国历史遗产的重要组成部分。然而,长期的忽视和不充分的维护使得该遗址越来越容易受到自然风化的影响。由于对建筑材料的了解有限,以及对其退化机制的不清楚,保护工作变得更加复杂,这阻碍了有效的保护策略。为了解决这个问题,本研究通过实验室分析和实地测试来评估该纪念碑的保护状况。利用XRD、偏光显微镜、TESCAN综合矿物分析仪(TIMA)等技术研究了砂岩的风化作用,发现风化作用加速了长石蚀变和碳酸盐矿物溶解。砂浆也被发现有助于盐风化和石膏结壳的形成。采用现场无损检测(NDT)和基于critical的综合风化指数(IWI)来量化风化程度。结果表明:①由于降水和毛细水的作用,墙体上部湿区和下部湿区风化恶化最为明显;(2)东北立面风化程度最大,主要受风雨影响;(3)渡口带和炮台带的风化作用相似,渡口带的生物定植更大。本研究为今后的文物保护与修复提供了参考。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment
Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 工程技术-地球科学综合
CiteScore
7.10
自引率
11.90%
发文量
445
审稿时长
4.1 months
期刊介绍: Engineering geology is defined in the statutes of the IAEG as the science devoted to the investigation, study and solution of engineering and environmental problems which may arise as the result of the interaction between geology and the works or activities of man, as well as of the prediction of and development of measures for the prevention or remediation of geological hazards. Engineering geology embraces: • the applications/implications of the geomorphology, structural geology, and hydrogeological conditions of geological formations; • the characterisation of the mineralogical, physico-geomechanical, chemical and hydraulic properties of all earth materials involved in construction, resource recovery and environmental change; • the assessment of the mechanical and hydrological behaviour of soil and rock masses; • the prediction of changes to the above properties with time; • the determination of the parameters to be considered in the stability analysis of engineering works and earth masses.
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