The contraceptive active ingredient levonorgestrel disrupts the physiology of Macrocyclops albidus

IF 7.6 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Zainab Abdullahi Ibrahim, Sonnie Joshua Oniye, Sodangi Abdulkarim Luka, Mathias Ahii Chia
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Active pharmaceutical ingredients, such as levonorgestrel (LNG), continue to increase in aquatic ecosystems and are detected in environmental matrices; however, their ability to bioaccumulate and cause reproductive, developmental, and biochemical defects in benthic organisms, such as Macrocyclops albidus, is unknown. This study investigated the effects of LNG on the oxidative stress response, reproduction, and development of M. albidus. Levonorgestrel induced a significant (p<0.05) increase in total protein with increasing concentrations from 10 ng L-1. Intracellular hydrogen peroxide levels were elevated after exposure to LNG (p<0.05). Malondialdehyde level declined as LNG concentration increased at day 7 and increased at higher LNG at day 14. Peroxidase activity was significantly (p<0.05) elevated by lower (1-100 ng L-1) than higher (1000-10000 ng L-1) concentrations of LNG. Glutathione S-transferase activity declined with increasing concentrations of LNG. Increased metamorphosis from the nauplii to the copepodite stage was significantly induced by 1000 and 10000 ng L-1 LNG within four days of exposure. In addition, higher concentrations of LNG induced early production of egg sacs in female M. albidus within four days. Levonorgestrel bioaccumulated in M. albidus, with higher tissue concentrations occurring at high exposures. This study revealed that LNG is readily absorbed and causes stress by interfering with reproduction and metamorphosis in M. albidus, thereby highlighting the role of this zooplankton as a sensitive bioindicator of endocrine disruptors in aquatic ecosystems.

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来源期刊
Environmental Pollution
Environmental Pollution 环境科学-环境科学
CiteScore
16.00
自引率
6.70%
发文量
2082
审稿时长
2.9 months
期刊介绍: Environmental Pollution is an international peer-reviewed journal that publishes high-quality research papers and review articles covering all aspects of environmental pollution and its impacts on ecosystems and human health. Subject areas include, but are not limited to: • Sources and occurrences of pollutants that are clearly defined and measured in environmental compartments, food and food-related items, and human bodies; • Interlinks between contaminant exposure and biological, ecological, and human health effects, including those of climate change; • Contaminants of emerging concerns (including but not limited to antibiotic resistant microorganisms or genes, microplastics/nanoplastics, electronic wastes, light, and noise) and/or their biological, ecological, or human health effects; • Laboratory and field studies on the remediation/mitigation of environmental pollution via new techniques and with clear links to biological, ecological, or human health effects; • Modeling of pollution processes, patterns, or trends that is of clear environmental and/or human health interest; • New techniques that measure and examine environmental occurrences, transport, behavior, and effects of pollutants within the environment or the laboratory, provided that they can be clearly used to address problems within regional or global environmental compartments.
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