Nationwide monitoring of polychlorinated naphthalenes in soils across South Korea: Spatial distribution, source identification, and health risk assessment.

Chemosphere Pub Date : 2025-02-01 Epub Date: 2024-12-26 DOI:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143962
Jin-Woo Jeon, Chul-Su Kim, Ho-Joong Kim, Seung-Man Hwang, Chang-Ho Lee, Sung-Deuk Choi
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Abstract

The production and use of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) were banned several decades ago, but they continue to be detected due to their persistence in surface environments and ongoing emissions from combustion-related sources. This study presents the first nationwide monitoring data for PCNs in soils collected from 61 sites across South Korea. Industrial sites (mean: 127 pg/g, median: 91.4 pg/g) exhibited higher concentrations of Σ63 PCNs than urban (mean: 53.1 pg/g, median: 50.0 pg/g) and suburban (mean: 52.2 pg/g, median: 23.3 pg/g) sites. Tri- and tetra-CNs were the dominant homologues, with CN-14/24 being the most abundant congeners. The majority of PCN contamination at these sites was attributed to combustion sources and historical emissions from Halowax mixtures. Σ63 PCNs and toxic equivalencies (TEQs) were moderately correlated with the number of companies potentially emitting PCNs, industrial electricity usage, and SO2 concentrations, indicating a significant influence of anthropogenic sources on PCN contamination. The 95th percentile cancer risks for both adults and children across all sites were within the acceptable range (<10-6) set by the US EPA. However, the higher risks observed for children underscore the importance of ongoing PCN monitoring. This study provides valuable insights into the spatial distribution and human exposure to PCNs in soils across South Korea. Based on these initial nationwide findings, comprehensive monitoring of PCNs and other dioxin-like compounds in industrial areas is recommended.

在韩国全国范围内监测土壤中的多氯化萘:空间分布、来源识别和健康风险评估。
多氯萘的生产和使用在几十年前就已被禁止,但由于其在地表环境中的持久性以及与燃烧有关的来源的持续排放,它们继续被检测到。这项研究提出了从韩国61个地点收集的土壤中PCNs的第一个全国性监测数据。工业场所(平均值:127 pg/g,中位数:91.4 pg/g)的Σ63 PCNs浓度高于城市场所(平均值:53.1 pg/g,中位数:50.0 pg/g)和郊区(平均值:52.2 pg/g,中位数:23.3 pg/g)。3 -和4 - cns是主要的同源物,其中CN-14/24是最丰富的同源物。这些地点的大多数PCN污染归因于燃烧源和卤蜡混合物的历史排放。Σ63 PCN和毒性当量(teq)与潜在排放PCN的公司数量、工业用电量和SO2浓度存在适度相关,表明人为来源对PCN污染有重大影响。所有地点的成人和儿童的第95百分位癌症风险都在美国环保署设定的可接受范围内(< 10-6)。然而,儿童观察到的较高风险强调了持续监测PCN的重要性。这项研究为韩国土壤中PCNs的空间分布和人类暴露提供了有价值的见解。根据这些初步的全国性调查结果,建议对工业地区的pcn和其他二恶英类化合物进行全面监测。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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