Alan Carlos de Almeida, Rodrigo Moço Batista, Ítalo Braga Castro, Gilberto Fillmann
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引用次数: 0
Abstract
Organotin compounds (OTs) used to be the most widely used biocide in antifouling paint systems, but the International Maritime Organization (IMO) banned them because of their high environmental toxicity to non-target organisms. Currently, at least 25 active ingredients are being employed as biocides in antifouling paint formulations. In the present study, silicone rubber-based passive sampling was used to determine the freely dissolved concentrations (Cw) of 6 OTs and 4 booster biocides in the water column at the entrance of Santos Port's main navigation channel, the largest Port of South America (southeastern Brazil). Fifteen sampling events of ∼45 days long were conducted over 2 years. Cw of OTs ranged from 1.1 to 2.5 ng Sn L−1 for monobutyltin (MBT), 0.2 to 4.7 ng Sn L−1 for dibutyltin (DBT), and 0.06 to 0.7 ng Sn L−1 for tributyltin (TBT), while triphenyltin (TPhT), diphenyltin (DPhT), and monophenyltin (MPhT) were always below their limits of detection (<LOD). For booster biocides, Cw ranged from 3.9 to 6.3 ng L−1 for diuron, 0.03 to 0.49 ng L−1 for Irgarol, <0.55 to 44.3 ng L−1 for DCOIT, and <0.01 to <0.02 ng L−1 for dichlofluanid. Levels found in the water column are likely explained by a combination of sources, including simultaneous releases from marinas and shipyards located in adjacent areas, dredging operations, intense vessel traffic in the Santos Port, and desorption from APPs previously released along sediments of the Santos-São Vicente Estuarine System (SSES). Although OTs and booster biocide levels in the Port of Santos were relatively lower than in other studies worldwide, levels detected for TBT, DCOIT, and diuron may pose a risk to non-target organisms.
期刊介绍:
Water Research, along with its open access companion journal Water Research X, serves as a platform for publishing original research papers covering various aspects of the science and technology related to the anthropogenic water cycle, water quality, and its management worldwide. The audience targeted by the journal comprises biologists, chemical engineers, chemists, civil engineers, environmental engineers, limnologists, and microbiologists. The scope of the journal include:
•Treatment processes for water and wastewaters (municipal, agricultural, industrial, and on-site treatment), including resource recovery and residuals management;
•Urban hydrology including sewer systems, stormwater management, and green infrastructure;
•Drinking water treatment and distribution;
•Potable and non-potable water reuse;
•Sanitation, public health, and risk assessment;
•Anaerobic digestion, solid and hazardous waste management, including source characterization and the effects and control of leachates and gaseous emissions;
•Contaminants (chemical, microbial, anthropogenic particles such as nanoparticles or microplastics) and related water quality sensing, monitoring, fate, and assessment;
•Anthropogenic impacts on inland, tidal, coastal and urban waters, focusing on surface and ground waters, and point and non-point sources of pollution;
•Environmental restoration, linked to surface water, groundwater and groundwater remediation;
•Analysis of the interfaces between sediments and water, and between water and atmosphere, focusing specifically on anthropogenic impacts;
•Mathematical modelling, systems analysis, machine learning, and beneficial use of big data related to the anthropogenic water cycle;
•Socio-economic, policy, and regulations studies.