Carvedilol vs. propranolol for the prevention of decompensation and mortality in patients with compensated and decompensated cirrhosis

Abstract

Background and Aims

Data on the effectiveness of classical non-selective beta-blockers (cNSBB, i.e., propranolol and nadolol) versus carvedilol in patients with cirrhosis are scarce. The present study aimed to compare their potential for preventing decompensation and mortality in patients with compensated and decompensated cirrhosis.

Methods

Multicenter retrospective study including compensated and decompensated cirrhotic patients with clinically significant portal hypertension, undergoing measurement of hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) to assess acute hemodynamic response to intravenous propranolol (i.e., HVPG decrease≥10% from baseline value) prior to primary prophylaxis for variceal bleeding. Outcomes were adjusted using Inverse Probability of Treatment Weighting (IPTW) in a competitive risk framework.

Results

A total of 540 patients with cirrhosis were included, 256 compensated (cNSBB n=111; carvedilol n=145) and 284 decompensated (cNSBB n=134; carvedilol n=150). Median follow-up was 36.3 (IQR 16.9-61.0) months and 30.7 (IQR 13.1-52.2) months, respectively. After covariate balancing with IPTW, carvedilol, compared to cNSBB, significantly reduced the risk of a first decompensation in compensated patients (SHR 0.61; 95% CI 0.41-0.92; p=0.019) and a combined endpoint of further decompensation/death in decompensated patients (SHR 0.57; 95% CI 0.42-0.77; p<0.0001). A second HVPG was conducted on 176 (68.8%, compensated) and 177 patients (62.3%, decompensated). Acute non-responders, both compensated (11.1% vs. 29.4%; p=0.422) and decompensated (16.0% vs. 43.6%: p=0.0247) patients, showed a higher likelihood of achieving a chronic hemodynamic response with carvedilol. The safety profile of each type of NSBB was comparable in both cohorts.

Conclusions

Our data endorse the current recommendation favoring the use of carvedilol in the prevention of a first decompensation of cirrhosis and suggest extending the recommendation for its preferential use to patients with decompensated cirrhosis without recurrent or refractory ascites.

IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS

This study addresses a gap in the comparative effectiveness of classical non-selective beta-blockers (e.g., propranolol and nadolol) versus carvedilol in managing cirrhosis in both compensated and decompensated stages. Our results support the preferential use of carvedilol in both settings due to its superior efficacy in reducing first and further decompensation. However, the retrospective nature of the study and inherent selection biases advise caution against broadly applying these findings to patients with decompensated cirrhosis who exhibit signs of circulatory dysfunction or recurrent/refractory ascites.