Distinctive aspects of ligand binding to G4 DNA structure flanked by the double helix

Abstract

Except for telomeres, G4 DNA structures in the human genome can be formed only within the context of double-stranded DNA. DNA duplexes flanking the G4 structure may potentially affect the G4 architecture and the binding of G4-specific ligands. Here, we examine the interaction of TMPyP4, NMM, and PDS ligands with three structures formed by the same DNA fragment containing the (GGGT)₄ sequence: the G4 in duplex (dsG4), G4 in single-stranded DNA (ssG4) and perfect duplex DNA (ds). To design a structure-specific fluorescent sensor, single thymine loops or proximal positions in DNA duplex were modified with FAM. Ligand-induced fluorescence quenching revealed a preferential binding of TMPyP4 and NMM with the dsG4 and ssG4 structures over the flanking duplex part or double-stranded DNA. PDS could not quench the fluorophores attached to single-nucleotide loops of the G4 DNA, although gel mobility assay confirmed tight binding of the ligand to the ssG4 or dsG4 structures. We hypothesize that the selectivity of the ligands for G4 loops compared to duplexes is responsible for the high quenching efficiency. Distinctive features of ligand interactions with G4 DNA in a duplex context suggest the potential for developing specific ligands for the genomic G4 structure.