Purchasing or leasing? Equipment upgrades for a capital-constrained manufacturer.

IF 8 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Journal of Environmental Management Pub Date : 2025-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-12-13 DOI:10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.123635
Wenyi Zhang, Chen Bi, Feng Yang
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Abstract

Purchasing and leasing are two main methods to implement equipment upgrades, which can reduce production costs and facilitate manufacturing transformation. In practice, small and medium-sized manufacturers have insufficient cash to balance equipment upgrades and daily production. Under a two-stage setting, this study examines a pull supply chain consisting of a capital-constrained manufacturer and a retailer, where the manufacturer can borrow bank loans. In the investment stage, the manufacturer chooses among the non-upgrading mode, purchasing mode, and leasing mode. In the following production stage, the manufacturer produces to satisfy the uncertain demand through a retailer. The results show that the preference of the three modes depends on the cost reduction coefficient, residual value of upgraded equipment, and revenue of moral hazard events. Due to increased liquidity risk, the manufacturer upgrades equipment by purchasing only when the residual value of upgraded equipment is relatively large. However, the manufacturer upgrades equipment by leasing even when the moral hazard events induce a penalty since leasing eliminates the liquidity risk over the investment stage. Simultaneously, there exists a cost reduction trap where the production's marginal profit is seized by the reduced wholesale price, and the manufacturer upgrades equipment only when the cost reduction coefficient is medium. For the environment, equipment upgrades do not always benefit the environment. If the cost reduction coefficient is relatively large, the increased production quantity offsets the unit emission reduction, leading to larger total emissions. To ensure a "win-win" situation for the manufacturer and environment, the leasing mode should be adopted when the turn-over times and transportation impact of returning equipment are controlled, since the agent friction effect is weaker. Given the potential frequent turn-over times of leasing, the purchasing mode should be adopted when the reduced environmental impact of equipment upgrades is relatively large.

购买还是租赁?资金受限制造商的设备升级。
采购和租赁是实现设备升级的两种主要方式,可以降低生产成本,促进制造业转型。在实践中,中小型制造商没有足够的现金来平衡设备升级和日常生产。在两阶段设置下,本研究考察了一个由资金受限的制造商和零售商组成的拉式供应链,其中制造商可以向银行贷款。在投资阶段,制造商在不升级模式、购买模式和租赁模式中进行选择。在接下来的生产阶段,制造商通过零售商进行生产以满足不确定的需求。结果表明,三种模式的偏好取决于成本降低系数、升级设备残值和道德风险事件收益。由于流动性风险的增加,制造商只有在升级后的设备残值比较大的情况下才会进行设备升级。然而,即使道德风险事件导致惩罚,制造商也会通过租赁来升级设备,因为租赁消除了投资阶段的流动性风险。同时,存在成本降低陷阱,生产边际利润被降低的批发价格所占据,只有当成本降低系数为中等时,制造商才会进行设备升级。对于环境而言,设备升级并不总是对环境有利。如果成本降低系数较大,则增加的产量抵消了单位排放量的减少,导致总排放量较大。为了保证厂家和环境的“双赢”,在控制好设备的周转次数和返回设备的运输影响的情况下,采用租赁的方式,因为代理商的摩擦作用较弱。考虑到租赁的潜在频繁周转时间,在设备升级减少的环境影响较大时,应采用购买模式。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
Journal of Environmental Management
Journal of Environmental Management 环境科学-环境科学
CiteScore
13.70
自引率
5.70%
发文量
2477
审稿时长
84 days
期刊介绍: The Journal of Environmental Management is a journal for the publication of peer reviewed, original research for all aspects of management and the managed use of the environment, both natural and man-made.Critical review articles are also welcome; submission of these is strongly encouraged.
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