Space for improvement: ZIP codes should not determine cardiovascular longevity, a scoping review.

Abstract

Location-based disparities in cardiovascular health are multifaceted and deeply intertwined with historical, environmental, socioeconomic, and healthcare access factors. This scoping review explores the associations between residential locations and cardiovascular disease (CVD). We reviewed articles that describe environmental influences, socioeconomic determinants, healthcare access challenges, and societal influences in the location-specific development of CVD. We describe some of the social determinants within geographical and neighborhood-level contexts that drive CVD inequality and explore potential future directions for addressing these disparities.