Comparison of indoor and outdoor atmospheric organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) from the petrochemical industrial area in North China: occurrence, gas-PM2.5 distribution, source appointment and health implications

IF 7.6 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Environmental Pollution Pub Date : 2024-12-12 DOI:10.1016/j.envpol.2024.125529

Feijie Gong, Tianqi Zhang, Tong Zhao, Anan Qi, Peng Xu, Qi Huang, Yifang Li, Miao Wang, Yang Xiao, Lingxiao Yang, Yaqin Ji, Wenxing Wang

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

The consumption of organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) has surged significantly recent years since global banning of brominated flame retardants (BFRs). Industrial activities are an important source of OPFRs, however there are few studies on OPFRs contamination in the indoor and outdoor atmosphere of industrial areas. A study was conducted to analyze contamination of 15 OPFRs individuals in both indoor and outdoor air and PM_2.5 of living and industrial sites of the petrochemical industrial area (outdoor and indoor sites of living area was LO and LI, outdoor and indoor sites of industrial area was LO and LI).The average concentrations of OPFRs in PM_2.5 of LO (16.40 ng/m³) and IO (17.83 ng/m³) were similar, while LI (60.46 ng/m³) was higher than that in II (33.43 ng/m³). The average concentrations of indoor OPFR in PM_2.5 and air in summer were 4.10 and 2.22 times higher than those in winter, respectively This seasonal concentration variation of OPFRs may attribute to the influence of temperature that accelerated the releasing of OPFRs from materials. Alkyl-OPFRs and Cl-OPFRs were the dominant OPFRs in air and PM_2.5, respectively. The indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratios of OPFRs and correlation of OPFRs with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) indicated that the indoor source (material emission) was the dominant contributors of indoor OPFRs in PM_2.5 and air, and outdoor sources (industrial and traffic sources) had significant contribution to OPFRs in indoor and outdoor air and outdoor PM_2.5. The gas-particle partitioning of OPFRs had not reached equilibrium state, and absorption mechanism dominated. The Harner-Bidleman (H-B) model has better fitting effect for OPFRs with logK_OA > 10. The health risk of OPFRs for both adult and child were neglectable. While considering the high contribution of TCEP to carcinogenic risk, and high contribution of TCPP to none-carcinogenic risk, their health risk should be given special attention.

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来源期刊

Environmental Pollution 环境科学-环境科学

CiteScore

16.00

自引率

6.70%

发文量

2082

审稿时长

2.9 months

期刊介绍： Environmental Pollution is an international peer-reviewed journal that publishes high-quality research papers and review articles covering all aspects of environmental pollution and its impacts on ecosystems and human health. Subject areas include, but are not limited to: • Sources and occurrences of pollutants that are clearly defined and measured in environmental compartments, food and food-related items, and human bodies; • Interlinks between contaminant exposure and biological, ecological, and human health effects, including those of climate change; • Contaminants of emerging concerns (including but not limited to antibiotic resistant microorganisms or genes, microplastics/nanoplastics, electronic wastes, light, and noise) and/or their biological, ecological, or human health effects; • Laboratory and field studies on the remediation/mitigation of environmental pollution via new techniques and with clear links to biological, ecological, or human health effects; • Modeling of pollution processes, patterns, or trends that is of clear environmental and/or human health interest; • New techniques that measure and examine environmental occurrences, transport, behavior, and effects of pollutants within the environment or the laboratory, provided that they can be clearly used to address problems within regional or global environmental compartments.