{"title":"Materials sustainability of thermoelectric generators for waste heat utilization","authors":"Anilkumar Bohra, Satish Vitta","doi":"10.1007/s12034-024-03373-3","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Amount of waste heat exergy generated globally (~69.058 EJ) can be divided into low temperature <373 K, 30.496 EJ; medium temperature 373–573 K, 14.431 EJ; and high temperature >573 K, 24.131 EJ. The minimum number of thermoelectric pn-junctions required to convert this high-temperature exergy into electrical power using currently known best materials is found to increase from 8.22 × 10<sup>11</sup> to 24.66 × 10<sup>11</sup> when the aspect ratio of the legs increases from 0.5 to 1.5 cm<sup>−1</sup>. To convert the low-temperature exergy, 81.76 × 10<sup>11</sup> to 245.25 × 10<sup>11</sup> junctions will be required. The amount of alloys required to synthesize these is of the order of ‘millions of tons’, which means the elements Bi, Te, Pb, Sb, Sn and Se required are also of similar magnitude. The current production of these elements, however, falls far short of this requirement by several orders of magnitude, indicating significant materials supply chain risk. The production of these elements and devices, even if resources are available, will emit millions of tons of CO<sub>2</sub> showing that current alloys are non-sustainable. It therefore becomes clear that alternate materials with low embodied energy, emissions and toxicity footprint, as well as minimal supply chain risk, need to be pursued.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":502,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Materials Science","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9000,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Bulletin of Materials Science","FirstCategoryId":"88","ListUrlMain":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12034-024-03373-3","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Amount of waste heat exergy generated globally (~69.058 EJ) can be divided into low temperature <373 K, 30.496 EJ; medium temperature 373–573 K, 14.431 EJ; and high temperature >573 K, 24.131 EJ. The minimum number of thermoelectric pn-junctions required to convert this high-temperature exergy into electrical power using currently known best materials is found to increase from 8.22 × 1011 to 24.66 × 1011 when the aspect ratio of the legs increases from 0.5 to 1.5 cm−1. To convert the low-temperature exergy, 81.76 × 1011 to 245.25 × 1011 junctions will be required. The amount of alloys required to synthesize these is of the order of ‘millions of tons’, which means the elements Bi, Te, Pb, Sb, Sn and Se required are also of similar magnitude. The current production of these elements, however, falls far short of this requirement by several orders of magnitude, indicating significant materials supply chain risk. The production of these elements and devices, even if resources are available, will emit millions of tons of CO2 showing that current alloys are non-sustainable. It therefore becomes clear that alternate materials with low embodied energy, emissions and toxicity footprint, as well as minimal supply chain risk, need to be pursued.
期刊介绍:
The Bulletin of Materials Science is a bi-monthly journal being published by the Indian Academy of Sciences in collaboration with the Materials Research Society of India and the Indian National Science Academy. The journal publishes original research articles, review articles and rapid communications in all areas of materials science. The journal also publishes from time to time important Conference Symposia/ Proceedings which are of interest to materials scientists. It has an International Advisory Editorial Board and an Editorial Committee. The Bulletin accords high importance to the quality of articles published and to keep at a minimum the processing time of papers submitted for publication.