MOUD use among Hispanic clients increased post-ACA, yet differed by heritage and geographic location

Abstract

Background

Overdose death rates for Hispanic people rose 2010–2022. Opioid overdose rates grew faster among Hispanic people than non-Hispanic White people (“White”). Medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD) is an effective but underutilized intervention for decreasing overdose risk. The Affordable Care Act (“ACA”) should have increased MOUD use, but insurance and behavioral health reforms differed by state. We examined to what extent MOUD use increased post-ACA implementation and differed for Hispanic people (overall and by heritage group) compared to White people who used opioids (“clients”).

Methods

We analyzed first annual ambulatory care episodes (TEDS-A, 2009–2019) for working-age Hispanic (N= 76,591) and White (N=444,753) clients. We categorized Hispanic clients by heritage group (Puerto Rican, Mexican, or Other Hispanic). We grouped states by Medicaid expansion status (California, Other Expansion States, and Non-Expansion States). We used logistic regression to compare the odds of MOUD use pre/post ACA within racial/heritage groups, and, separately, between racial/heritage groups using pre-ACA White clients as a reference group. We used linear probability difference-in-differences to confirm changes in MOUD use between Hispanic and White clients.

Results

Among Hispanic clients in ambulatory care, MOUD use was lowest in the Non-Expansion States and highest in California. Nationally, only Puerto Rican and Other Hispanic heritage clients had higher odds of MOUD post-ACA compared to pre-ACA. Nationally and in Other Expansion States, Hispanic and White clients had similar increases in MOUD use post-ACA.

Conclusions

MOUD use among Hispanic clients rose post-ACA, but differences remained between Hispanic heritage groups and between states.