The biological and psychological impact of the Coronavirus disease-19 pandemic on the characteristics of the menstrual cycle.

IF 1.2 Q3 OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY
Tiago Almeida Costa, Marina de Pádua Nogueira Menezes
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

The Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic was declared in March 2020 by the World Health Organization. The severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 virus enters host cells through angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptors and transmembrane serine protease type II that are expressed in pulmonary alveoli, as well as in hepatocytes, endothelium, ovaries, uterus, vagina, thyroid, and other tissues. In addition to viral injury, the COVID-19 pandemic, through protective measures such as social isolation and lockdown, has promoted a scenario of psychosocial stress, especially in women. In this context of isolation, anxiety, fear, and mental distress, there is dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and subsequent gonadal side effects. Furthermore, studies report an association between COVID-19 and temporary menstrual cycle alterations such, as increased cycle duration, decreased cycle duration, increased menstrual flow, dysmenorrhea, and amenorrhea. Regarding COVID-19 vaccination, menstrual irregularities have been observed in about half of the women, predominantly with a decrease in cycle duration and increased menstrual flow, but without fertility sequelae. The aim of this study was to review the most up-to-date information on the relationship between the COVID-19 pandemic and menstrual irregularities.

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来源期刊
CiteScore
2.40
自引率
7.10%
发文量
56
期刊介绍: Journal of the Turkish-German Gynecological Association is the official, open access publication of the Turkish-German Gynecological Education and Research Foundation and Turkish-German Gynecological Association and is published quarterly on March, June, September and December. It is an independent peer-reviewed international journal printed in English language. Manuscripts are reviewed in accordance with “double-blind peer review” process for both reviewers and authors. The target audience of Journal of the Turkish-German Gynecological Association includes gynecologists and primary care physicians interested in gynecology practice. It publishes original works on all aspects of obstertrics and gynecology. The aim of Journal of the Turkish-German Gynecological Association is to publish high quality original research articles. In addition to research articles, reviews, editorials, letters to the editor, diagnostic puzzle are also published. Suggestions for new books are also welcomed. Journal of the Turkish-German Gynecological Association does not charge any fee for article submission or processing.
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