MMP-9 and TIMPs profiles in sulfur mustard-exposed individuals with serious lung complications.

IF 4.8 2区 医学 Q2 IMMUNOLOGY
International immunopharmacology Pub Date : 2025-01-03 Epub Date: 2024-12-10 DOI:10.1016/j.intimp.2024.113777
Faramarz Fallahi, Nayere Askari, Tahereh Jamali, Sara Parsapour, Hassan Ghasemi, Jalaledin Shams, Roya Yaraee, Zeinab Ghazanfari, Tooba Ghazanfari
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Sulfur mustard (SM), a chemical weapon used in the Iraq-Iran war, can pose severe health risks, especially to the lungs. Dysregulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) have been implicated in various inflammatory lung diseases. This study compares the levels of MMPs and TIMPs in the serum and sputum of veterans with serious lung complications to a control group. Serum and sputum samples were collected and analyzed using the ELISA sandwich method. Differences between SM-exposed and control groups were assessed statistically. The serum levels of TIMP-4 and MMP-9/TIMP-4 were significantly lower and higher in the SM-exposed group respectively compared to the control group. In SM-exposed individuals resembling Bronchiolitis Obliterans (BO), Chronic Bronchitis (CB), and Asthma, TIMP-4 levels were lower than controls, while TIMP-2 levels were higher in those with CB. Although the increased TIMP-2 levels in these patients align with COPD studies, differences were observed in other factors with COPD and asthma-related MMP-9 and TIMP-4 findings. Assessment of serum levels of these factors based on severity reveals lower MMP-9/TIMP-4 levels in the severe group compared to the mild-moderate group. Individuals exposed to SM exhibit distinct MMP and TIMP profiles, with significantly lower TIMP-4 levels and higher MMP-9/TIMP-4 ratios, compared to controls. These profiles vary across different lung conditions, indicating a unique disease mechanism in SM-exposed individuals. This distinctive profile supports the classification of this condition as 'Mustard Lung.' Further research is needed to elucidate these mechanisms for targeted therapeutic interventions.

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来源期刊
CiteScore
8.40
自引率
3.60%
发文量
935
审稿时长
53 days
期刊介绍: International Immunopharmacology is the primary vehicle for the publication of original research papers pertinent to the overlapping areas of immunology, pharmacology, cytokine biology, immunotherapy, immunopathology and immunotoxicology. Review articles that encompass these subjects are also welcome. The subject material appropriate for submission includes: • Clinical studies employing immunotherapy of any type including the use of: bacterial and chemical agents; thymic hormones, interferon, lymphokines, etc., in transplantation and diseases such as cancer, immunodeficiency, chronic infection and allergic, inflammatory or autoimmune disorders. • Studies on the mechanisms of action of these agents for specific parameters of immune competence as well as the overall clinical state. • Pre-clinical animal studies and in vitro studies on mechanisms of action with immunopotentiators, immunomodulators, immunoadjuvants and other pharmacological agents active on cells participating in immune or allergic responses. • Pharmacological compounds, microbial products and toxicological agents that affect the lymphoid system, and their mechanisms of action. • Agents that activate genes or modify transcription and translation within the immune response. • Substances activated, generated, or released through immunologic or related pathways that are pharmacologically active. • Production, function and regulation of cytokines and their receptors. • Classical pharmacological studies on the effects of chemokines and bioactive factors released during immunological reactions.
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