{"title":"Association of Bone Mineral Measurements With Peak Impact and Sport-Specific Muscle Loads in Elite Youth Artistic Swimmers.","authors":"Apostolos Z Skouras, Panagiotis Koulouvaris, Yiannis Tsekouras, Dimitrios Antonakis-Karamintzas, Anastasia Goutseva, Charilaos Tsolakis, Panagiota Klentrou","doi":"10.1123/ijspp.2023-0440","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Bone mineral measurements and their association with peak impact and sport-specific, persistent muscle loads were examined in 10 elite artistic swimmers age 15-19 years.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) of total body, total body less head, spine, and dominant and nondominant limbs were assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Peak ground-reaction forces of 2 dry jumps (countermovement jump and frog jump) were measured on a force plate. Peak forces applied during in-water exercises (vertical scull, barracuda push, and kick pull) were measured.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>On average, artistic swimmers' total-body BMD (1.12 [0.08] g/cm2) was similar to values reported for young swimmers and nonathletic females, and total-body BMC (2359 [399] g) was higher than previously reported in race swimmers. Based on previously published reference curves, 9 out of 10 artistic swimmers had total-body less head BMD and BMC at or above the 90th percentile, with average to above average z scores and height-adjusted z scores for their age. Countermovement jump and frog jump exhibited moderate peak ground-reaction forces (2.61 [0.46] and 1.93 [0.42] N/kg, respectively). In water, greater force was exerted in kick pull (60.4 [4.8] N) compared with vertical skull (45.5 [6.4] N) and barracuda push (40.6 [4.8] N). Bone measurements were correlated with the peak ground-reaction forces exerted in both dry jumps (r = .61-.83, P ≤ .05) and the peak force output of the in-water exercises (r = .63-.80, P ≤ .05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These results imply robust bone health among artistic swimmers, partially associated with the high muscle forces regularly applied during their sport-specific training that seem to counteract the low-impact nature of the sport.</p>","PeriodicalId":14295,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","volume":" ","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5000,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2023-0440","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"PHYSIOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Purpose: Bone mineral measurements and their association with peak impact and sport-specific, persistent muscle loads were examined in 10 elite artistic swimmers age 15-19 years.
Methods: Bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) of total body, total body less head, spine, and dominant and nondominant limbs were assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Peak ground-reaction forces of 2 dry jumps (countermovement jump and frog jump) were measured on a force plate. Peak forces applied during in-water exercises (vertical scull, barracuda push, and kick pull) were measured.
Results: On average, artistic swimmers' total-body BMD (1.12 [0.08] g/cm2) was similar to values reported for young swimmers and nonathletic females, and total-body BMC (2359 [399] g) was higher than previously reported in race swimmers. Based on previously published reference curves, 9 out of 10 artistic swimmers had total-body less head BMD and BMC at or above the 90th percentile, with average to above average z scores and height-adjusted z scores for their age. Countermovement jump and frog jump exhibited moderate peak ground-reaction forces (2.61 [0.46] and 1.93 [0.42] N/kg, respectively). In water, greater force was exerted in kick pull (60.4 [4.8] N) compared with vertical skull (45.5 [6.4] N) and barracuda push (40.6 [4.8] N). Bone measurements were correlated with the peak ground-reaction forces exerted in both dry jumps (r = .61-.83, P ≤ .05) and the peak force output of the in-water exercises (r = .63-.80, P ≤ .05).
Conclusion: These results imply robust bone health among artistic swimmers, partially associated with the high muscle forces regularly applied during their sport-specific training that seem to counteract the low-impact nature of the sport.
期刊介绍:
The International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance (IJSPP) focuses on sport physiology and performance and is dedicated to advancing the knowledge of sport and exercise physiologists, sport-performance researchers, and other sport scientists. The journal publishes authoritative peer-reviewed research in sport physiology and related disciplines, with an emphasis on work having direct practical applications in enhancing sport performance in sport physiology and related disciplines. IJSPP publishes 10 issues per year: January, February, March, April, May, July, August, September, October, and November.