Exploring ultrasound-induced free radical formation: A comparative study in water and sour cherry juice using glutathione and terephthalic acid indicators.

IF 8.7 1区 化学 Q1 ACOUSTICS
Nursena Aktı, Semanur Yildiz
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

This study aims to assess free radical (FR) generation potential of ultrasound in water and sour cherry juice (SCJ) model systems using an indirect method with specific indicators including glutathione (GSH), a well-known antioxidant, and terephthalic acid (TPA), which fluoresces upon oxidation. Initially, aqueous GSH solutions were subjected to ultrasound at varying amplitudes (60 % and 80 %) for up to 30 min using probes of different diameters (13 mm and 19 mm) to identify maximal oxidation conditions. FR formation was monitored using UPLC equipped with diode array detector and fluorescence spectrophotometer for GSH and TPA oxidation, respectively. Increasing sonication time decreased GSH and increased oxidized glutathione (GSSG) in water for both probes; however, the 19 mm probe generated five times more GSSG than the 13 mm, implying a substantially higher rate of FR formation. Subsequently, ultrasound was applied to aqueous TPA solution using the 19 mm probe-representing the more challenging conditions-at a previously optimized amplitude (67 %) during 30 min. Time-course water samples showed a steady increase in TPA fluorescence intensity with longer sonication durations, suggesting that oxidation reactions driven by FRs were progressing over time in water. Following sonication of GSH- and TPA-added SCJ under the same conditions, analysis by LC-QTOF-MS and fluorescence spectrophotometry revealed no GSSG or fluorescence formation, confirming the absence of notable oxidation of both indicators, likely due to the juice's complex composition (e.g., presence of antioxidant compounds). This study offers key insights into how ultrasound conditions affect FR formation in water and SCJ media by stabilizing them in detectable forms.

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来源期刊
Ultrasonics Sonochemistry
Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 化学-化学综合
CiteScore
15.80
自引率
11.90%
发文量
361
审稿时长
59 days
期刊介绍: Ultrasonics Sonochemistry stands as a premier international journal dedicated to the publication of high-quality research articles primarily focusing on chemical reactions and reactors induced by ultrasonic waves, known as sonochemistry. Beyond chemical reactions, the journal also welcomes contributions related to cavitation-induced events and processing, including sonoluminescence, and the transformation of materials on chemical, physical, and biological levels. Since its inception in 1994, Ultrasonics Sonochemistry has consistently maintained a top ranking in the "Acoustics" category, reflecting its esteemed reputation in the field. The journal publishes exceptional papers covering various areas of ultrasonics and sonochemistry. Its contributions are highly regarded by both academia and industry stakeholders, demonstrating its relevance and impact in advancing research and innovation.
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