A Pioneer Review on Lactoferrin-Conjugated Extracellular Nanovesicles for Targeting Cellular Melanoma: Recent Advancements and Future Prospects.

Abstract

Melanoma, a highly aggressive form of skin cancer, presents a formidable challenge in terms of treatment due to its propensity for metastasis and resistance to conventional therapies. The development of innovative nanocarriers for targeted drug delivery has opened new avenues in cancer therapy. Lactoferrin-conjugated extracellular nanovesicles (LF-EVs) have emerged as a promising vehicle in the targeted treatment of cellular melanoma, owing to their natural biocompatibility, enhanced bioavailability, and ability to traverse biological barriers effectively. This review synthesizes recent advancements in the use of LF-EVs as a novel drug delivery system for melanoma, emphasizing their unique capacity to enhance cellular uptake through LF's receptor-mediated endocytosis pathways. Key studies demonstrate that LF conjugation significantly increases the specificity of extracellular nanovesicles for melanoma cells, minimizes off-target effects, and promotes efficient intracellular drug release. Furthermore, we explore how LF-EVs interact with the tumor microenvironment, potentially inhibiting melanoma progression and metastasis while supporting antitumor immune responses. Future prospects in this field include optimizing LF conjugation techniques, improving the scalability of LF-EV production, and integrating multifunctional payloads to target drug resistance mechanisms. This review highlights the potential of LF-EVs to transform melanoma treatment strategies, bridging current gaps in therapeutic delivery and paving the way for personalized and less invasive melanoma therapies.