Environmental and Spatial Effects on Co-Occurrence Network Size and Taxonomic Similarity in Stream Diatoms, Insects and Fish

Abstract

Aim

The influences of environmental and spatial processes on species composition have been at the center of metacommunity ecology. Conversely, the relative importance of these processes for species co-occurrences and taxonomic similarity has remained poorly understood. We hypothesised that at a subcontinental scale, shared environmental preference would be the major driver of co-occurrences across species groups. In contrast, co-occurrences due to shared dispersal history were more likely in dispersal-limited taxa. Finally, we tested whether taxa co-occurring due to similar responses to environmental and spatial processes were more taxonomically similar than expected by chance.

Location

The conterminous United States.

Time Period

1993–2019.

Major Taxa Studied

Stream diatoms, insects and fish.

Methods

We generated co-occurrence networks and developed methodology to determine the proportions of nodes and edges explained by pure environment alone (after accounting for space), pure space alone (after accounting for the environment), pure environment and pure space together, and spatially structured environment. Taxonomic similarity of taxa co-occurring because of environmental and/or spatial controls or because of unmeasured processes was compared to that of a null model.

Results

Pure environment alone, spatially structured environment, and pure environment and pure space together explained the greatest proportion of nodes and edges in the co-occurrence networks of diatom species and genera, and insect genera. Conversely, pure environment and pure space together best explained the nodes and edges in the co-occurrence network of fish species and genera. Co-occurring taxa were more closely related than the random expectation in all comparisons.

Main Conclusions

The environment controlled co-occurrences in all groups, while the influence of space was the strongest in fish, the most dispersal-limited group in our study. All co-occurring taxa were more taxonomically related than expected by chance due to environmental or spatial overlap or unaccounted factors.