Integrins and integrin-driven secretory pathways as multi-dimensional regulators of tumor-associated macrophage recruitment and reprogramming in tumor microenvironment

Abstract

Integrins, a group of transmembrane receptors, play a crucial role in mediating the interactions between cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. The intracellular signaling initiated by these cell-matrix interactions in leukocytes mediates many essential cellular processes such as survival, migration, metabolism, and other immunological functions. Macrophages, as phagocytes, participate in both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory processes, including progression. Numerous reports have shown that the integrin-regulated secretome, comprising cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, proteases, and other bioactive molecules, is a crucial modulator of macrophage functions in tumors, significantly influencing macrophage programming and reprogramming within the tumor microenvironment (TME) in addition to driving their step-by-step entry process into tumor tissue spaces. Importantly, studies have demonstrated a pivotal role for integrin receptor-mediated secretome and associated signaling pathways in functional reprogramming from anti-tumorigenic to pro-tumorigenic phenotype in tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). In this comprehensive review, we have provided an in-depth analysis of the latest findings of various key pathways, mediators, and signaling cascades associated with integrin-driven polarization of macrophages in tumors. This manuscript will provide an updated understanding of the modulation of inflammatory monocytes/ macrophages and TAMs by integrin-driven secretory pathways in various functions such as migration, differentiation, and their role in tumor progression, angiogenesis, and metastasis.