Poultry waste derived in situ drug loaded nano-hydroxyapatite bio-ceramic material for osteomyelitis treatment: in vitro drug release and biocompatibility studies

Abstract

This study presents the preparation of a bone substitute material, nano-hydroxyapatite (nHAp), derived from waste chicken eggshell (WCE), with the incorporation of ciprofloxacin (CF) to harness both the beneficial properties of nHAp and the antibacterial effects of CF in treating osteomyelitis. CF was loaded in situ at three different concentrations: 5, 10 and 15 mg mL⁻¹. The formation of nHAp, along with CF-loaded samples, was confirmed using XRD analysis. Functional group analysis was conducted through FTIR and Raman spectroscopic methods. FESEM analysis was employed to examine morphology and particle size, while EDX study determined elemental composition. The antibacterial activity of CF-loaded samples against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus increased with higher CF concentrations. Cytocompatibility and hemocompatibility assessments demonstrated the safety of nHAp and CF-loaded nHAp samples under physiological conditions. The bioactive nature of the samples was affirmed by the formation of an apatite layer after immersion in simulated body fluid solution (SBF) for three weeks at 37 °C. CF release kinetics was investigated at room temperature under static conditions for two weeks. The cumulative release percentage of CF decreased with increasing CF concentration, likely due to enhanced interaction between CF and nHAp molecules, as confirmed by XPS and FTIR analysis. WCE-derived nHAp proved to be a promising CF carrier for combating diseases such as osteomyelitis.