Impact of Photogenerated Charge Carriers on the Stability of the 2D/3D Perovskite Interface

Abstract

An effective strategy to improve the performance and stability of perovskite solar cells is to deposit a 2D perovskite capping layer on the 3D perovskite. However, when exposed to light, small A-site cations in 3D perovskite exchange with the bulky cations in the 2D layer and degrade the 2D/3D interface. Therefore, to achieve long-term stability in perovskite solar cells, it is important to understand the nature of the photogenerated charge carriers that cause cation migrations at the 2D/3D interface. In this work, we fabricated 2D/3D perovskite stacks on glass, ITO, ITO/PTAA, ITO/PTAA/CuI, and ITO/SnO₂. A combination of grazing incidence X-ray diffraction and steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence studies reveals the link between the light-induced degradation and the photogenerated charge carrier dynamics. Upon illumination, the stability of the 2D layers follows this trend: ITO/PTAA/CuI ≈ ITO > ITO/PTAA > glass > ITO/SnO₂ (from stable to unstable). This trend suggests that efficiently extracting holes from the 3D layer can improve the stability of the 2D layer. We also found that 2D/3D stacks degrade faster when illuminated from the 2D side instead of the 3D side. Our studies suggest that to achieve a stable 2D/3D interface, hole accumulation in the 3D layer should be avoided, and the exciton density in the 2D layer should be reduced.