Distribution of Phthalic Acid Esters (PAEs) in Personal Care Products and Untreated Municipal Wastewater Samples: Implications for Source Apportionment and Ecological Risk Assessment

IF 3.8 4区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Pub Date : 2024-12-05 DOI:10.1007/s11270-024-07679-0

Chi Linh Thi Pham, Ngoc Bich Hoang, Anh Viet Nguyen, Vu Le, Ngoc Minh Thi Tran, Khiet Thanh Pham, Hoa Duc Phung, Ngoc Chau Chu, Anh Quoc Hoang, Tu Binh Minh, Tri Manh Tran

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

This study reported the distribution patterns of ten typical phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in personal care products (PCPs) available in Vietnam, with a focus in source apportionment and ecological risk assessment. Total of PAE concentrations in PCPs was 352–83500 µg/g (mean/median: 10900/6050), with di-(2-ethyl)hexyl phthalate (DEHP) being the dominant compound (115–36300 µg/g; mean/median: 6110/3780), diethyl phthalate (mean/median: 2000/n.d.; range: n.d.–75300 µg/g), and diisobutyl phthalate (mean/median: 1040/130; range: n.d.–13800 µg/g) were also present in significant concentrations. Total PAE concentrations in untreated municipal wastewater samples from Hanoi were significantly higher than those from Thaibinh, with a mean concentration approximately 3.7 times greater. DEHP was also found to have the highest frequency and levels in wastewater, with mean/median concentrations of 3260/2830 and 598/557 µg/L in samples collected from Hanoi and Thaibinh, respectively. Seasonal variation was observed, with higher concentrations in the dry season. The ecological risk due to the distribution of individual PAEs in wastewater was moderate, except for DEHP, with risk quotients ranging from 5.98 to 24.8 for algae. These findings underscore the need for regulatory interventions to mitigate PAE contamination in urban environments.

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来源期刊

Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 环境科学-环境科学

CiteScore

4.50

自引率

6.90%

发文量

448

审稿时长

2.6 months

期刊介绍： Water, Air, & Soil Pollution is an international, interdisciplinary journal on all aspects of pollution and solutions to pollution in the biosphere. This includes chemical, physical and biological processes affecting flora, fauna, water, air and soil in relation to environmental pollution. Because of its scope, the subject areas are diverse and include all aspects of pollution sources, transport, deposition, accumulation, acid precipitation, atmospheric pollution, metals, aquatic pollution including marine pollution and ground water, waste water, pesticides, soil pollution, sewage, sediment pollution, forestry pollution, effects of pollutants on humans, vegetation, fish, aquatic species, micro-organisms, and animals, environmental and molecular toxicology applied to pollution research, biosensors, global and climate change, ecological implications of pollution and pollution models. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution also publishes manuscripts on novel methods used in the study of environmental pollutants, environmental toxicology, environmental biology, novel environmental engineering related to pollution, biodiversity as influenced by pollution, novel environmental biotechnology as applied to pollution (e.g. bioremediation), environmental modelling and biorestoration of polluted environments. Articles should not be submitted that are of local interest only and do not advance international knowledge in environmental pollution and solutions to pollution. Articles that simply replicate known knowledge or techniques while researching a local pollution problem will normally be rejected without review. Submitted articles must have up-to-date references, employ the correct experimental replication and statistical analysis, where needed and contain a significant contribution to new knowledge. The publishing and editorial team sincerely appreciate your cooperation. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution publishes research papers; review articles; mini-reviews; and book reviews.