Contrasting Rainfall Anomaly Patterns Over South America Related to Central and Eastern Atlantic Niño Modes

Abstract

The present study examines the effects of the central Atlantic Niño (CAN) and eastern Atlantic Niño (EAN) events on the seasonal precipitation in South America (SA) during the 1951–2020 period. For the CAN during the summer and autumn, an interhemispheric sea surface temperature (SST) dipole mode induces an anomalous thermally direct circulation in the 10° N–10° S band and is the main factor causing precipitation anomaly patterns with a dipole structure between northern (negative) and northeastern (positive) SA. For winter and spring, the SST pattern featuring a South Atlantic dipole induces meridional and zonal anomalous circulations, which are the mechanisms causing positive precipitation anomalies in tropical SA to the north of 20° S. In contrast, for the EAN, the precipitation anomaly patterns show large areas with anomalous dryness, particularly during summer, autumn, and spring. For summer and autumn, the east–west SST anomaly gradient in the equatorial Atlantic and the associated sea level pressure (SLP) anomalies induce equatorial westerlies and a regional Walker cell with descending motions in most tropical SA, where large areas with anomalous dryness are noted. During spring, a northward SST gradient in the tropical Atlantic induces a meridional cell with descending motions in the 0°–10° S band; meanwhile, the westward SST gradient in the equatorial Atlantic and tropical South Atlantic induces a zonal circulation with descending motions over northeastern and eastern Brazil. These descending motions extend the anomalous dryness over a large area. For the EAN events, the east–west SST gradient and the associated east–west circulation in the South American/Atlantic region are crucial elements to modulate precipitation variability in SA. Therefore, the CAN and EAN events induce distinct precipitation anomaly patterns in SA due to distinct associated regional circulation patterns. The results presented here have not been discussed before and might have relevant implications for climate monitoring and modelling studies.