Investigating the Spatiotemporal Development of Substorm Expansion Phase Aurora: Successive Onsets or Poleward Boundary Intensifications?

Abstract

Following the auroral substorm onset, the active aurora undergoes expansion, which can vary in spatial and temporal extent. The spatiotemporal development of the expansion phase active aurora is controlled by new auroral intensifications that often follow the initial onset. Using seven examples, we investigate the nature of these new auroral intensifications and address a question: are they new auroral onsets, that is, “successive onsets” or poleward-boundary intensifications (PBIs) and ensuing auroral streamers? We observed events that included both types of auroral features—successive onsets and PBIs—and their combinations. For multiple-onset substorms, successive onsets may occur eastward, westward, and poleward of the initial onset, resulting in a diverse range of expansion phase spatial extent and durations. Single-onset substorms show only one auroral onset, but their spatiotemporal development can resemble that of multiple-onset substorms. However, the additional activations are mainly PBIs and subsequent streamers. In some cases, PBIs undergo explosion, leading to a rapid poleward and azimuthal expansion of the aurora, resembling the auroral substorm onset. A prolonged sequence of PBIs and its longitudinal extension can contribute significantly to the spatiotemporal development of substorms expansion phase. Results suggest that post-onset flow channels drive the spatiotemporal development of the substorm expansion phase by (a) triggering successive onsets and (b) inducing bursts of PBIs and their prolonged sequence. We speculate that post-onset flow channels likely originate from the polar cap, but more evaluation is required. Our findings highlight the significance of examining imager data before solely relying on magnetometers to identify substorm onsets.