Effects of Alternate Wetting and Drying Irrigation on Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions From Rice Fields: A Meta-Analysis

IF 10.8 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION
Chenxi Zhao, Rangjian Qiu, Tao Zhang, Yufeng Luo, Evgenios Agathokleous
{"title":"Effects of Alternate Wetting and Drying Irrigation on Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions From Rice Fields: A Meta-Analysis","authors":"Chenxi Zhao, Rangjian Qiu, Tao Zhang, Yufeng Luo, Evgenios Agathokleous","doi":"10.1111/gcb.17581","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Reducing water input and promoting water productivity in rice field under alternate wetting and drying irrigation (AWD), instead of continuous flooding (CF), are vital due to increasing irrigation water scarcity. However, it is also important to understand how methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) and nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) emissions and global warming potential (<span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/794bb5d5-64f3-461d-b103-112eef1ba296/gcb17581-math-0006.png\"></span><mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter=\"10\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\"1\" jax=\"CHTML\" role=\"application\" sre-explorer- style=\"font-size: 103%; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\"><mjx-math aria-hidden=\"true\" location=\"graphic/gcb17581-math-0006.png\"><mjx-semantics><mjx-mrow><mjx-msub data-semantic-children=\"0,11\" data-semantic- data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-speech=\"upper G upper W upper P Subscript upper C upper H 4 plus normal upper N 2 normal upper O\" data-semantic-type=\"subscript\"><mjx-mi data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"12\" data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c><mjx-c></mjx-c><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em;\"><mjx-mrow data-semantic-children=\"3,10\" data-semantic-content=\"4\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"12\" data-semantic-role=\"addition\" data-semantic-type=\"infixop\" size=\"s\"><mjx-msub data-semantic-children=\"1,2\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"11\" data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-type=\"subscript\"><mjx-mi data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em;\"><mjx-mn data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"integer\" data-semantic-type=\"number\" size=\"s\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mn></mjx-script></mjx-msub><mjx-mo data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"infixop,+\" data-semantic-parent=\"11\" data-semantic-role=\"addition\" data-semantic-type=\"operator\" rspace=\"1\" space=\"1\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mrow data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:unit\" data-semantic-children=\"7,8\" data-semantic-content=\"9\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"11\" data-semantic-role=\"implicit\" data-semantic-type=\"infixop\"><mjx-msub data-semantic-children=\"5,6\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"10\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"subscript\"><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"7\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em;\"><mjx-mn data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"7\" data-semantic-role=\"integer\" data-semantic-type=\"number\" size=\"s\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mn></mjx-script></mjx-msub><mjx-mo data-semantic-added=\"true\" data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"infixop,⁢\" data-semantic-parent=\"10\" data-semantic-role=\"multiplication\" data-semantic-type=\"operator\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"10\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-mrow></mjx-mrow></mjx-script></mjx-msub></mjx-mrow></mjx-semantics></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml display=\"inline\" unselectable=\"on\"><math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:13541013:media:gcb17581:gcb17581-math-0006\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/gcb17581-math-0006.png\" overflow=\"scroll\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><semantics><mrow><msub data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-children=\"0,11\" data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-speech=\"upper G upper W upper P Subscript upper C upper H 4 plus normal upper N 2 normal upper O\" data-semantic-type=\"subscript\"><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic-parent=\"12\" data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\">GWP</mi><mrow data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-children=\"3,10\" data-semantic-content=\"4\" data-semantic-parent=\"12\" data-semantic-role=\"addition\" data-semantic-type=\"infixop\"><msub data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-children=\"1,2\" data-semantic-parent=\"11\" data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-type=\"subscript\"><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\">CH</mi><mn data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"integer\" data-semantic-type=\"number\">4</mn></msub><mo data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-operator=\"infixop,+\" data-semantic-parent=\"11\" data-semantic-role=\"addition\" data-semantic-type=\"operator\">+</mo><mrow data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:unit\" data-semantic-children=\"7,8\" data-semantic-content=\"9\" data-semantic-parent=\"11\" data-semantic-role=\"implicit\" data-semantic-type=\"infixop\"><msub data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-children=\"5,6\" data-semantic-parent=\"10\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"subscript\"><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic-parent=\"7\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\" mathvariant=\"normal\">N</mi><mn data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic-parent=\"7\" data-semantic-role=\"integer\" data-semantic-type=\"number\">2</mn></msub><mo data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-added=\"true\" data-semantic-operator=\"infixop,⁢\" data-semantic-parent=\"10\" data-semantic-role=\"multiplication\" data-semantic-type=\"operator\">⁢</mo><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic-parent=\"10\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\" mathvariant=\"normal\">O</mi></mrow></mrow></msub></mrow>$$ {\\mathrm{GWP}}_{{\\mathrm{CH}}_4+{\\mathrm{N}}_2\\mathrm{O}} $$</annotation></semantics></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container> of CH<sub>4</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O) respond to AWD under the influence of various factors. Here, we conducted a meta-analysis to investigate the impact of AWD on CH<sub>4</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O emissions and <span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/ae70c755-89c9-4e5e-9a18-a5a8ca6d4f54/gcb17581-math-0007.png\"></span><mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter=\"11\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\"1\" jax=\"CHTML\" role=\"application\" sre-explorer- style=\"font-size: 103%; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\"><mjx-math aria-hidden=\"true\" location=\"graphic/gcb17581-math-0007.png\"><mjx-semantics><mjx-mrow><mjx-msub data-semantic-children=\"0,11\" data-semantic- data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-speech=\"upper G upper W upper P Subscript upper C upper H 4 plus normal upper N 2 normal upper O\" data-semantic-type=\"subscript\"><mjx-mi data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"12\" data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c><mjx-c></mjx-c><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em;\"><mjx-mrow data-semantic-children=\"3,10\" data-semantic-content=\"4\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"12\" data-semantic-role=\"addition\" data-semantic-type=\"infixop\" size=\"s\"><mjx-msub data-semantic-children=\"1,2\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"11\" data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-type=\"subscript\"><mjx-mi data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em;\"><mjx-mn data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"integer\" data-semantic-type=\"number\" size=\"s\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mn></mjx-script></mjx-msub><mjx-mo data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"infixop,+\" data-semantic-parent=\"11\" data-semantic-role=\"addition\" data-semantic-type=\"operator\" rspace=\"1\" space=\"1\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mrow data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:unit\" data-semantic-children=\"7,8\" data-semantic-content=\"9\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"11\" data-semantic-role=\"implicit\" data-semantic-type=\"infixop\"><mjx-msub data-semantic-children=\"5,6\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"10\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"subscript\"><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"7\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em;\"><mjx-mn data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"7\" data-semantic-role=\"integer\" data-semantic-type=\"number\" size=\"s\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mn></mjx-script></mjx-msub><mjx-mo data-semantic-added=\"true\" data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"infixop,⁢\" data-semantic-parent=\"10\" data-semantic-role=\"multiplication\" data-semantic-type=\"operator\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"10\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-mrow></mjx-mrow></mjx-script></mjx-msub></mjx-mrow></mjx-semantics></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml display=\"inline\" unselectable=\"on\"><math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:13541013:media:gcb17581:gcb17581-math-0007\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/gcb17581-math-0007.png\" overflow=\"scroll\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><semantics><mrow><msub data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-children=\"0,11\" data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-speech=\"upper G upper W upper P Subscript upper C upper H 4 plus normal upper N 2 normal upper O\" data-semantic-type=\"subscript\"><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic-parent=\"12\" data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\">GWP</mi><mrow data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-children=\"3,10\" data-semantic-content=\"4\" data-semantic-parent=\"12\" data-semantic-role=\"addition\" data-semantic-type=\"infixop\"><msub data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-children=\"1,2\" data-semantic-parent=\"11\" data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-type=\"subscript\"><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\">CH</mi><mn data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"integer\" data-semantic-type=\"number\">4</mn></msub><mo data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-operator=\"infixop,+\" data-semantic-parent=\"11\" data-semantic-role=\"addition\" data-semantic-type=\"operator\">+</mo><mrow data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:unit\" data-semantic-children=\"7,8\" data-semantic-content=\"9\" data-semantic-parent=\"11\" data-semantic-role=\"implicit\" data-semantic-type=\"infixop\"><msub data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-children=\"5,6\" data-semantic-parent=\"10\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"subscript\"><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic-parent=\"7\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\" mathvariant=\"normal\">N</mi><mn data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic-parent=\"7\" data-semantic-role=\"integer\" data-semantic-type=\"number\">2</mn></msub><mo data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-added=\"true\" data-semantic-operator=\"infixop,⁢\" data-semantic-parent=\"10\" data-semantic-role=\"multiplication\" data-semantic-type=\"operator\">⁢</mo><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic-parent=\"10\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\" mathvariant=\"normal\">O</mi></mrow></mrow></msub></mrow>$$ {\\mathrm{GWP}}_{{\\mathrm{CH}}_4+{\\mathrm{N}}_2\\mathrm{O}} $$</annotation></semantics></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>, and its modification by climate conditions, soil properties, and management practices. Overall, compared to CF, AWD significantly reduced CH<sub>4</sub> emissions by 51.6% and <span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/f2200a46-dcf2-4c74-8a7d-81967e25cfe7/gcb17581-math-0008.png\"></span><mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter=\"12\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\"1\" jax=\"CHTML\" role=\"application\" sre-explorer- style=\"font-size: 103%; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\"><mjx-math aria-hidden=\"true\" location=\"graphic/gcb17581-math-0008.png\"><mjx-semantics><mjx-mrow><mjx-msub data-semantic-children=\"0,11\" data-semantic- data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-speech=\"upper G upper W upper P Subscript upper C upper H 4 plus normal upper N 2 normal upper O\" data-semantic-type=\"subscript\"><mjx-mi data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"12\" data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c><mjx-c></mjx-c><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em;\"><mjx-mrow data-semantic-children=\"3,10\" data-semantic-content=\"4\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"12\" data-semantic-role=\"addition\" data-semantic-type=\"infixop\" size=\"s\"><mjx-msub data-semantic-children=\"1,2\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"11\" data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-type=\"subscript\"><mjx-mi data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em;\"><mjx-mn data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"integer\" data-semantic-type=\"number\" size=\"s\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mn></mjx-script></mjx-msub><mjx-mo data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"infixop,+\" data-semantic-parent=\"11\" data-semantic-role=\"addition\" data-semantic-type=\"operator\" rspace=\"1\" space=\"1\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mrow data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:unit\" data-semantic-children=\"7,8\" data-semantic-content=\"9\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"11\" data-semantic-role=\"implicit\" data-semantic-type=\"infixop\"><mjx-msub data-semantic-children=\"5,6\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"10\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"subscript\"><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"7\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em;\"><mjx-mn data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"7\" data-semantic-role=\"integer\" data-semantic-type=\"number\" size=\"s\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mn></mjx-script></mjx-msub><mjx-mo data-semantic-added=\"true\" data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"infixop,⁢\" data-semantic-parent=\"10\" data-semantic-role=\"multiplication\" data-semantic-type=\"operator\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"10\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-mrow></mjx-mrow></mjx-script></mjx-msub></mjx-mrow></mjx-semantics></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml display=\"inline\" unselectable=\"on\"><math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:13541013:media:gcb17581:gcb17581-math-0008\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/gcb17581-math-0008.png\" overflow=\"scroll\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><semantics><mrow><msub data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-children=\"0,11\" data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-speech=\"upper G upper W upper P Subscript upper C upper H 4 plus normal upper N 2 normal upper O\" data-semantic-type=\"subscript\"><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic-parent=\"12\" data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\">GWP</mi><mrow data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-children=\"3,10\" data-semantic-content=\"4\" data-semantic-parent=\"12\" data-semantic-role=\"addition\" data-semantic-type=\"infixop\"><msub data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-children=\"1,2\" data-semantic-parent=\"11\" data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-type=\"subscript\"><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\">CH</mi><mn data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"integer\" data-semantic-type=\"number\">4</mn></msub><mo data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-operator=\"infixop,+\" data-semantic-parent=\"11\" data-semantic-role=\"addition\" data-semantic-type=\"operator\">+</mo><mrow data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:unit\" data-semantic-children=\"7,8\" data-semantic-content=\"9\" data-semantic-parent=\"11\" data-semantic-role=\"implicit\" data-semantic-type=\"infixop\"><msub data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-children=\"5,6\" data-semantic-parent=\"10\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"subscript\"><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic-parent=\"7\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\" mathvariant=\"normal\">N</mi><mn data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic-parent=\"7\" data-semantic-role=\"integer\" data-semantic-type=\"number\">2</mn></msub><mo data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-added=\"true\" data-semantic-operator=\"infixop,⁢\" data-semantic-parent=\"10\" data-semantic-role=\"multiplication\" data-semantic-type=\"operator\">⁢</mo><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic-parent=\"10\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\" mathvariant=\"normal\">O</mi></mrow></mrow></msub></mrow>$$ {\\mathrm{GWP}}_{{\\mathrm{CH}}_4+{\\mathrm{N}}_2\\mathrm{O}} $$</annotation></semantics></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container> by 46.9%, while increased N<sub>2</sub>O emissions by 44.0%. The effect of AWD on CH<sub>4</sub> emissions was significantly modified by soil drying level, the number of drying events, mean annual precipitation (MAP), soil organic carbon content (SOC), growth cycle, and nitrogen fertilizer (N) application. Regarding N<sub>2</sub>O emissions, mean annual temperature (MAT), elevation, soil texture, and soil pH had significant impacts on the AWD effect. Consequently, the <span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/ca543703-36cf-470d-aef5-a15b7af0a920/gcb17581-math-0009.png\"></span><mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter=\"13\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\"1\" jax=\"CHTML\" role=\"application\" sre-explorer- style=\"font-size: 103%; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\"><mjx-math aria-hidden=\"true\" location=\"graphic/gcb17581-math-0009.png\"><mjx-semantics><mjx-mrow><mjx-msub data-semantic-children=\"0,11\" data-semantic- data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-speech=\"upper G upper W upper P Subscript upper C upper H 4 plus normal upper N 2 normal upper O\" data-semantic-type=\"subscript\"><mjx-mi data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"12\" data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c><mjx-c></mjx-c><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em;\"><mjx-mrow data-semantic-children=\"3,10\" data-semantic-content=\"4\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"12\" data-semantic-role=\"addition\" data-semantic-type=\"infixop\" size=\"s\"><mjx-msub data-semantic-children=\"1,2\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"11\" data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-type=\"subscript\"><mjx-mi data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em;\"><mjx-mn data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"integer\" data-semantic-type=\"number\" size=\"s\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mn></mjx-script></mjx-msub><mjx-mo data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"infixop,+\" data-semantic-parent=\"11\" data-semantic-role=\"addition\" data-semantic-type=\"operator\" rspace=\"1\" space=\"1\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mrow data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:unit\" data-semantic-children=\"7,8\" data-semantic-content=\"9\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"11\" data-semantic-role=\"implicit\" data-semantic-type=\"infixop\"><mjx-msub data-semantic-children=\"5,6\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"10\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"subscript\"><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"7\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em;\"><mjx-mn data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"7\" data-semantic-role=\"integer\" data-semantic-type=\"number\" size=\"s\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mn></mjx-script></mjx-msub><mjx-mo data-semantic-added=\"true\" data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"infixop,⁢\" data-semantic-parent=\"10\" data-semantic-role=\"multiplication\" data-semantic-type=\"operator\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"10\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-mrow></mjx-mrow></mjx-script></mjx-msub></mjx-mrow></mjx-semantics></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml display=\"inline\" unselectable=\"on\"><math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:13541013:media:gcb17581:gcb17581-math-0009\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/gcb17581-math-0009.png\" overflow=\"scroll\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><semantics><mrow><msub data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-children=\"0,11\" data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-speech=\"upper G upper W upper P Subscript upper C upper H 4 plus normal upper N 2 normal upper O\" data-semantic-type=\"subscript\"><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic-parent=\"12\" data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\">GWP</mi><mrow data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-children=\"3,10\" data-semantic-content=\"4\" data-semantic-parent=\"12\" data-semantic-role=\"addition\" data-semantic-type=\"infixop\"><msub data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-children=\"1,2\" data-semantic-parent=\"11\" data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-type=\"subscript\"><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\">CH</mi><mn data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"integer\" data-semantic-type=\"number\">4</mn></msub><mo data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-operator=\"infixop,+\" data-semantic-parent=\"11\" data-semantic-role=\"addition\" data-semantic-type=\"operator\">+</mo><mrow data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:unit\" data-semantic-children=\"7,8\" data-semantic-content=\"9\" data-semantic-parent=\"11\" data-semantic-role=\"implicit\" data-semantic-type=\"infixop\"><msub data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-children=\"5,6\" data-semantic-parent=\"10\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"subscript\"><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic-parent=\"7\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\" mathvariant=\"normal\">N</mi><mn data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic-parent=\"7\" data-semantic-role=\"integer\" data-semantic-type=\"number\">2</mn></msub><mo data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-added=\"true\" data-semantic-operator=\"infixop,⁢\" data-semantic-parent=\"10\" data-semantic-role=\"multiplication\" data-semantic-type=\"operator\">⁢</mo><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic-parent=\"10\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\" mathvariant=\"normal\">O</mi></mrow></mrow></msub></mrow>$$ {\\mathrm{GWP}}_{{\\mathrm{CH}}_4+{\\mathrm{N}}_2\\mathrm{O}} $$</annotation></semantics></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container> under AWD was altered by soil drying level, soil pH, and growth cycle. Additionally, we found that MAP or MAT can be used to accurately assess the changes of global or national CH<sub>4</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O emissions under mild AWD. Moreover, increasing SOC, but not N application, is a potential strategy to further reduce CH<sub>4</sub> emissions under (mild) AWD, since no difference was found between application of 60–120 and &gt; 120 kg N ha<sup>−1</sup>. Furthermore, the soil pH can serve as an indicator to assess the reduction of <span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/9e367b9e-fd07-4abb-969a-44cb771e49fb/gcb17581-math-0010.png\"></span><mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter=\"14\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\"1\" jax=\"CHTML\" role=\"application\" sre-explorer- style=\"font-size: 103%; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\"><mjx-math aria-hidden=\"true\" location=\"graphic/gcb17581-math-0010.png\"><mjx-semantics><mjx-mrow><mjx-msub data-semantic-children=\"0,11\" data-semantic- data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-speech=\"upper G upper W upper P Subscript upper C upper H 4 plus normal upper N 2 normal upper O\" data-semantic-type=\"subscript\"><mjx-mi data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"12\" data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c><mjx-c></mjx-c><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em;\"><mjx-mrow data-semantic-children=\"3,10\" data-semantic-content=\"4\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"12\" data-semantic-role=\"addition\" data-semantic-type=\"infixop\" size=\"s\"><mjx-msub data-semantic-children=\"1,2\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"11\" data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-type=\"subscript\"><mjx-mi data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em;\"><mjx-mn data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"integer\" data-semantic-type=\"number\" size=\"s\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mn></mjx-script></mjx-msub><mjx-mo data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"infixop,+\" data-semantic-parent=\"11\" data-semantic-role=\"addition\" data-semantic-type=\"operator\" rspace=\"1\" space=\"1\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mrow data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:unit\" data-semantic-children=\"7,8\" data-semantic-content=\"9\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"11\" data-semantic-role=\"implicit\" data-semantic-type=\"infixop\"><mjx-msub data-semantic-children=\"5,6\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"10\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"subscript\"><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"7\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em;\"><mjx-mn data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"7\" data-semantic-role=\"integer\" data-semantic-type=\"number\" size=\"s\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mn></mjx-script></mjx-msub><mjx-mo data-semantic-added=\"true\" data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"infixop,⁢\" data-semantic-parent=\"10\" data-semantic-role=\"multiplication\" data-semantic-type=\"operator\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"10\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-mrow></mjx-mrow></mjx-script></mjx-msub></mjx-mrow></mjx-semantics></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml display=\"inline\" unselectable=\"on\"><math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:13541013:media:gcb17581:gcb17581-math-0010\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/gcb17581-math-0010.png\" overflow=\"scroll\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><semantics><mrow><msub data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-children=\"0,11\" data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-speech=\"upper G upper W upper P Subscript upper C upper H 4 plus normal upper N 2 normal upper O\" data-semantic-type=\"subscript\"><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic-parent=\"12\" data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\">GWP</mi><mrow data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-children=\"3,10\" data-semantic-content=\"4\" data-semantic-parent=\"12\" data-semantic-role=\"addition\" data-semantic-type=\"infixop\"><msub data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-children=\"1,2\" data-semantic-parent=\"11\" data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-type=\"subscript\"><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\">CH</mi><mn data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"integer\" data-semantic-type=\"number\">4</mn></msub><mo data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-operator=\"infixop,+\" data-semantic-parent=\"11\" data-semantic-role=\"addition\" data-semantic-type=\"operator\">+</mo><mrow data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:unit\" data-semantic-children=\"7,8\" data-semantic-content=\"9\" data-semantic-parent=\"11\" data-semantic-role=\"implicit\" data-semantic-type=\"infixop\"><msub data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-children=\"5,6\" data-semantic-parent=\"10\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"subscript\"><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic-parent=\"7\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\" mathvariant=\"normal\">N</mi><mn data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic-parent=\"7\" data-semantic-role=\"integer\" data-semantic-type=\"number\">2</mn></msub><mo data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-added=\"true\" data-semantic-operator=\"infixop,⁢\" data-semantic-parent=\"10\" data-semantic-role=\"multiplication\" data-semantic-type=\"operator\">⁢</mo><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic-parent=\"10\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\" mathvariant=\"normal\">O</mi></mrow></mrow></msub></mrow>$$ {\\mathrm{GWP}}_{{\\mathrm{CH}}_4+{\\mathrm{N}}_2\\mathrm{O}} $$</annotation></semantics></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container> under (mild) AWD as indicated by a significant linear correlation between them. These findings can provide valuable data support for accurate evaluation of non-CO<sub>2</sub> greenhouse gas emissions reduction in rice fields under large-scale promotion of AWD in the future.","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.8000,"publicationDate":"2024-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Global Change Biology","FirstCategoryId":"93","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.17581","RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0

Abstract

Reducing water input and promoting water productivity in rice field under alternate wetting and drying irrigation (AWD), instead of continuous flooding (CF), are vital due to increasing irrigation water scarcity. However, it is also important to understand how methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and global warming potential (GWPCH4+N2O$$ {\mathrm{GWP}}_{{\mathrm{CH}}_4+{\mathrm{N}}_2\mathrm{O}} $$ of CH4 and N2O) respond to AWD under the influence of various factors. Here, we conducted a meta-analysis to investigate the impact of AWD on CH4 and N2O emissions and GWPCH4+N2O$$ {\mathrm{GWP}}_{{\mathrm{CH}}_4+{\mathrm{N}}_2\mathrm{O}} $$, and its modification by climate conditions, soil properties, and management practices. Overall, compared to CF, AWD significantly reduced CH4 emissions by 51.6% and GWPCH4+N2O$$ {\mathrm{GWP}}_{{\mathrm{CH}}_4+{\mathrm{N}}_2\mathrm{O}} $$ by 46.9%, while increased N2O emissions by 44.0%. The effect of AWD on CH4 emissions was significantly modified by soil drying level, the number of drying events, mean annual precipitation (MAP), soil organic carbon content (SOC), growth cycle, and nitrogen fertilizer (N) application. Regarding N2O emissions, mean annual temperature (MAT), elevation, soil texture, and soil pH had significant impacts on the AWD effect. Consequently, the GWPCH4+N2O$$ {\mathrm{GWP}}_{{\mathrm{CH}}_4+{\mathrm{N}}_2\mathrm{O}} $$ under AWD was altered by soil drying level, soil pH, and growth cycle. Additionally, we found that MAP or MAT can be used to accurately assess the changes of global or national CH4 and N2O emissions under mild AWD. Moreover, increasing SOC, but not N application, is a potential strategy to further reduce CH4 emissions under (mild) AWD, since no difference was found between application of 60–120 and > 120 kg N ha−1. Furthermore, the soil pH can serve as an indicator to assess the reduction of GWPCH4+N2O$$ {\mathrm{GWP}}_{{\mathrm{CH}}_4+{\mathrm{N}}_2\mathrm{O}} $$ under (mild) AWD as indicated by a significant linear correlation between them. These findings can provide valuable data support for accurate evaluation of non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions reduction in rice fields under large-scale promotion of AWD in the future.

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来源期刊
Global Change Biology
Global Change Biology 环境科学-环境科学
CiteScore
21.50
自引率
5.20%
发文量
497
审稿时长
3.3 months
期刊介绍: Global Change Biology is an environmental change journal committed to shaping the future and addressing the world's most pressing challenges, including sustainability, climate change, environmental protection, food and water safety, and global health. Dedicated to fostering a profound understanding of the impacts of global change on biological systems and offering innovative solutions, the journal publishes a diverse range of content, including primary research articles, technical advances, research reviews, reports, opinions, perspectives, commentaries, and letters. Starting with the 2024 volume, Global Change Biology will transition to an online-only format, enhancing accessibility and contributing to the evolution of scholarly communication.
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