Critical Minerals

IF 11.3 1区 地球科学 Q1 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS
Martin Reich, Adam C. Simon
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Critical minerals are essential for sustaining the supply chain necessary for the transition to a carbon-free energy source for society. Copper, nickel, cobalt, lithium, and rare earth elements are particularly in demand for batteries and high-performance magnets used in low-carbon technologies. Copper, predominantly sourced from porphyry deposits, is critical for electricity generation, storage, and distribution. Nickel, which comes from laterite and magmatic sulfide deposits, and cobalt, often a by-product of nickel or copper mining, are core components of batteries that power electric vehicles. Lithium, sourced from pegmatite deposits and continental brines, is another key battery component. Rare earth elements, primarily obtained from carbonatite- and regolith-hosted ion-adsorption deposits, have unique magnetic properties that are key for motor efficiency. Future demand for these elements is expected to increase significantly over the next decades, potentially outpacing expected mine production. Therefore, to ensure a successful energy transition, efforts must prioritize addressing substantial challenges in the supply of critical minerals, particularly the delays in exploring and mining new resources to meet growing demands. The energy transition relies on green technologies needing a secure, sustainable supply of critical minerals sourced from ore deposits worldwide. Copper, nickel, cobalt, lithium, and rare earth elements are geologically restricted in occurrence, posing challenges for extraction and availability. Future demand is expected to surge in the next decades, requiring unprecedented production rates to make the green energy transition viable.
至关重要的矿物质
关键矿物对于维持社会向无碳能源过渡所必需的供应链至关重要。铜、镍、钴、锂和稀土元素尤其需要用于低碳技术的电池和高性能磁铁。铜主要来源于斑岩矿床,对发电、储存和配电至关重要。镍来自红土和岩浆硫化物矿床,而钴通常是镍或铜矿开采的副产品,它们是电动汽车电池的核心成分。锂来自伟晶岩矿床和大陆卤水,是电池的另一个关键成分。稀土元素,主要从碳酸盐岩和风化岩离子吸附沉积物中获得,具有独特的磁性,是电机效率的关键。未来几十年,对这些元素的需求预计将大幅增加,可能超过预期的矿山产量。因此,为了确保能源转型成功,必须优先解决关键矿物供应方面的重大挑战,特别是勘探和开采新资源以满足日益增长的需求方面的延误。▪能源转型依赖于绿色技术,需要从世界各地的矿床中获得安全、可持续的关键矿物供应。▪铜、镍、钴、锂和稀土元素在地质上的分布受到限制,这给提取和获取带来了挑战。▪未来几十年的需求预计将激增,需要前所未有的生产速度才能实现绿色能源转型。
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来源期刊
Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 地学天文-地球科学综合
CiteScore
25.10
自引率
0.00%
发文量
25
期刊介绍: Since its establishment in 1973, the Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences has been dedicated to providing comprehensive coverage of advancements in the field. This esteemed publication examines various aspects of earth and planetary sciences, encompassing climate, environment, geological hazards, planet formation, and the evolution of life. To ensure wider accessibility, the latest volume of the journal has transitioned from a gated model to open access through the Subscribe to Open program by Annual Reviews. Consequently, all articles published in this volume are now available under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.
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