Reassessing Gombore I in the light of the history of research at Melka Kunture (Ethiopia)

Abstract

Gombore I is located on the right bank of the present-day Awash River, adjacent to the lowest terrace of the Gombore gully, which is recognized as one of the most significant archaeological sites within Melka Kunture (Ethiopia). The site was extensively researched by the French Archaeological Mission under the direction of Jean Chavaillon. Initially discovered in 1965, it has been subject to comprehensive excavations over nearly two decades, encompassing approximately 240 m². Throughout this research, a substantial collection of lithic artifacts and faunal remains was unearthed, alongside a wood fragment and two hominin remains embedded within various archaeological layers (designated A, B1, B2, B3, C, D, E). Furthermore, purported structural remnants interpreted as an hominin shelter were documented. These findings are regarded as some of the earliest archaeological evidence at Melka Kunture and have been associated with both the Oldowan and Early Acheulean, dating back approximately 1.8 to 1.6 Ma. Utilizing materials preserved in the archives of the archaeological mission, this paper delineates the history of research conducted at this notable site while emphasizing that it was investigated using remarkably advanced and innovative methodological approaches for its time. The fieldwork engaged a multidisciplinary team and implemented a rigorous excavation protocol along with systematic recovery procedures for artifacts. Additionally, meticulous graphic and photographic documentation techniques were employed, including zenithal photogrammetry. The project also involved creating casts and utilizing punched cards for analyzing lithic industries. Consequently, the field documentation produced remains applicable for contemporary analysis; however, certain aspects of interpretation have since been revised by more recent studies.