Seasonal variation and inhalation health risk of atmospheric polyfluoroalkyl and perfluoroalkyl substances in a metropolitan city centre of southwest China

IF 4.2 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Hongtao Si , Donghang Xie , Fengwen Wang , Mengbing Hao , Jiaxin Liu , Hai Guo , Neil L. Rose
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Fifty-six total suspended particle (TSP) samples, covering four seasons from April 2022 to January 2023, were collected from the centre of Chongqing, a metropolitan city of southwest China, using an aerosol sampler. The samples were analyzed for 20 targeted poly- and per-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) by HPLC-MS/MS. The concentrations of PFAS ranged from 125 pg/m3 to 200 pg/m3 and were dominated by perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), 2-perfluorohexyl ethanoic acid (6:2 FTCA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). Seasonal variations of PFAS were distinct, with the highest concentrations in winter, followed by autumn, and with lowest levels in summer. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) and a dry deposition model were used to apportion sources and to estimate the dry deposition fluxes of the 20 PFAS, respectively. PMF analysis indicated that, based on the annual average, paper packaging production (28.1%) and the degradation of precursor compounds and emissions from PFCA production (27.8%) were the two major sources, followed by electronic product manufacturing (24.0%) and textile production (20.1%), although there were significant differences in sources between seasons. The average annual dry deposition flux of PFAS was estimated to be 18.0 ng/m2/day. However, the wet deposition of PFAS was estimated to account for 82.2% of the total atmospheric deposition flux, suggesting it plays a more important role. Estimated daily intakes (EDI) and hazard quotients (HQ) were utilized to evaluate the risks to humans via exposure to PFAS through inhalation and were found to be insignificant (HQ ≪1). This study provides important information on the contamination status and exposure risk for atmospheric PFAS in a mountainous megacity, and for similar urban centers across China.
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来源期刊
Atmospheric Environment
Atmospheric Environment 环境科学-环境科学
CiteScore
9.40
自引率
8.00%
发文量
458
审稿时长
53 days
期刊介绍: Atmospheric Environment has an open access mirror journal Atmospheric Environment: X, sharing the same aims and scope, editorial team, submission system and rigorous peer review. Atmospheric Environment is the international journal for scientists in different disciplines related to atmospheric composition and its impacts. The journal publishes scientific articles with atmospheric relevance of emissions and depositions of gaseous and particulate compounds, chemical processes and physical effects in the atmosphere, as well as impacts of the changing atmospheric composition on human health, air quality, climate change, and ecosystems.
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