Xu Zheng , Xiang Sun , Bin Fu , Qiang Li , Ke Xiao
{"title":"Genesis of Cu deposits hosted by volcanic rocks in Yunxian-Jinggu Arc, Western Yunnan: Constraints from fluid inclusions and C-O-S isotopes","authors":"Xu Zheng , Xiang Sun , Bin Fu , Qiang Li , Ke Xiao","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2024.106362","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A series of vein-type Cu deposits have been preserved in the Triassic volcanic rocks of the Yunxian-Jinggu area. The Guanfang, Bazijie, and Minleyichang deposits are typical examples of regional Cu mineralization. The deposits are preserved in the intermediate-basic volcanic rocks, and the ore bodies are controlled by NNE-trending structures with similar alteration features and mineral assemblages. The fluid inclusions are recognized in quartz and calcite at the three deposits, dominated by aqueous inclusions (L) and liquid phase-rich vapor–liquid two-phase inclusions (L-V) with similar temperature (270-140℃) and salinity (14.0–20.2 wt% NaCl eq.). The three deposits have a medium–low temperature, moderate salinity, and higher oxidation rate than the volcanic host rocks, confirmed by the fluid inclusion, alteration, and mineral assemblage. The O isotope values for early quartz associated with sulfides in the three deposits are comparable (δ<sup>18</sup>O<sub>SMOW</sub> = 15.23 to 20.01 ‰). Late quartz in the Guanfang and Bazijie deposits shows a deficit in O isotope values compared to early quartz (δ<sup>18</sup>O<sub>SMOW</sub> = 9.89 to 13.98 ‰), indicating the incorporation of meteoric water or basin fluid during the late stage of mineralization. The early calcite in the Guanfang and Bazijie deposits have similar C-O isotopic signatures (δ<sup>13</sup>C<sub>V-PDB</sub> = −10.51 to −4.75 ‰, δ<sup>18</sup>O<sub>V-SMOW</sub> = 11.29 ‰ to 12.63 ‰), and δ<sup>18</sup>O<sub>fluid</sub> (3.84 to 5.18 ‰) calculated from calcite is approximately the same as the δ<sup>18</sup>O<sub>fluid</sub> (2.08 to 3.95 ‰) calculated from early quartz. The early calcite and early quartz in the Guanfang and Bazijie deposits may be connected to the same fluid source based on the similar δ<sup>18</sup>O<sub>fluid</sub> signatures and salinities. The calcite C-O isotopic compositions of the Minleyichang deposit are <sup>13</sup>C<sub>V-PDB</sub> = −23.03 to −17.74 ‰ and δ<sup>18</sup>O<sub>V-SMOW</sub> = 19.72 to 28.32 ‰, which exhibit the characteristics of biogenic carbon and indicate that the material originated from sedimentary layers in the Simao Basin. The sulfide δ<sup>34</sup>S<sub>V-CDT</sub> ranges from −17.2 to 3.2 ‰ in the three deposits, which is related to the addition of reduced S from the sedimentary strata in the Simao Basin. The fluid characteristics of medium to low temperature, moderate salinity, and the S-C isotope signatures indicate that the ore-forming fluids are the basin brine from the Simao Basin. The Cu mineralization in the Yunxian-Jinggu area is closely related to the thrust-fold structure system formed during the Late Cretaceous to the Cenozoic period. The ore-forming fluids may have come from the brine in the central part of the Simao Basin, which migrated through the thrust fault and assimilated the materials in the regional volcanic rocks and sedimentary rocks, forming Cu deposits in the Triassic volcanic rocks of Yunxian-Jinggu area.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 106362"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2000,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Ore Geology Reviews","FirstCategoryId":"89","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169136824004955","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"GEOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
A series of vein-type Cu deposits have been preserved in the Triassic volcanic rocks of the Yunxian-Jinggu area. The Guanfang, Bazijie, and Minleyichang deposits are typical examples of regional Cu mineralization. The deposits are preserved in the intermediate-basic volcanic rocks, and the ore bodies are controlled by NNE-trending structures with similar alteration features and mineral assemblages. The fluid inclusions are recognized in quartz and calcite at the three deposits, dominated by aqueous inclusions (L) and liquid phase-rich vapor–liquid two-phase inclusions (L-V) with similar temperature (270-140℃) and salinity (14.0–20.2 wt% NaCl eq.). The three deposits have a medium–low temperature, moderate salinity, and higher oxidation rate than the volcanic host rocks, confirmed by the fluid inclusion, alteration, and mineral assemblage. The O isotope values for early quartz associated with sulfides in the three deposits are comparable (δ18OSMOW = 15.23 to 20.01 ‰). Late quartz in the Guanfang and Bazijie deposits shows a deficit in O isotope values compared to early quartz (δ18OSMOW = 9.89 to 13.98 ‰), indicating the incorporation of meteoric water or basin fluid during the late stage of mineralization. The early calcite in the Guanfang and Bazijie deposits have similar C-O isotopic signatures (δ13CV-PDB = −10.51 to −4.75 ‰, δ18OV-SMOW = 11.29 ‰ to 12.63 ‰), and δ18Ofluid (3.84 to 5.18 ‰) calculated from calcite is approximately the same as the δ18Ofluid (2.08 to 3.95 ‰) calculated from early quartz. The early calcite and early quartz in the Guanfang and Bazijie deposits may be connected to the same fluid source based on the similar δ18Ofluid signatures and salinities. The calcite C-O isotopic compositions of the Minleyichang deposit are 13CV-PDB = −23.03 to −17.74 ‰ and δ18OV-SMOW = 19.72 to 28.32 ‰, which exhibit the characteristics of biogenic carbon and indicate that the material originated from sedimentary layers in the Simao Basin. The sulfide δ34SV-CDT ranges from −17.2 to 3.2 ‰ in the three deposits, which is related to the addition of reduced S from the sedimentary strata in the Simao Basin. The fluid characteristics of medium to low temperature, moderate salinity, and the S-C isotope signatures indicate that the ore-forming fluids are the basin brine from the Simao Basin. The Cu mineralization in the Yunxian-Jinggu area is closely related to the thrust-fold structure system formed during the Late Cretaceous to the Cenozoic period. The ore-forming fluids may have come from the brine in the central part of the Simao Basin, which migrated through the thrust fault and assimilated the materials in the regional volcanic rocks and sedimentary rocks, forming Cu deposits in the Triassic volcanic rocks of Yunxian-Jinggu area.
期刊介绍:
Ore Geology Reviews aims to familiarize all earth scientists with recent advances in a number of interconnected disciplines related to the study of, and search for, ore deposits. The reviews range from brief to longer contributions, but the journal preferentially publishes manuscripts that fill the niche between the commonly shorter journal articles and the comprehensive book coverages, and thus has a special appeal to many authors and readers.