Advances in sheet erosion and rainfall simulator performance: A comprehensive review

Abstract

Sheet erosion (SE) is the process of erosion of the upper layer on the soil surface by water, wind, or human activities. This pivotal stage initiates substantial soil loss and marks the onset of erosion while also encompassing concerns such as deteriorating soil quality, diminishing vegetation cover, and water resource pollution. For this reason, this phenomena, which is critical in terms of environmental, agricultural, energy production, water resources management, and economic sustainability, involves different disciplines such as environment, civil engineering, and agriculture. The primary factors influencing sheet erosion comprise rainfall intensity, slope gradient, vegetation density, soil characteristics, and hydrodynamic variables like shear stress and stream power. The primary objective of this review is to outline the calibration process and assess the suitability of a rainfall simulator (RS) for conducting experimental studies on sheet erosion. Subsequently, the experimental methodology for sheet erosion is also introduced, followed by an analysis and evaluation of both future research proposals and the current scope of studies in the field. Results from studies employing RSs to investigate processes affecting sheet SE highlighted that rainfall intensity and surface slope are the most influential parameters in predicting SE rates, with rainfall intensity exerting a more dominant effect. Particularly in the context of particle detachment and transport resulting from raindrop impact on the soil surface, reducing raindrop velocity (surface plant coverings, conservation tillage, shrubs, straw) impact can mitigate detachment and transport processes. Considering the importance and wide-ranging impact of the subject, with the detailed experimental methodology obtained in recent research, this paper aims to piece together a state-of-the-art understanding of the dynamic process of sheet erosion. Finally, methodology becomes apparent as a guide for future research and for use in academic papers. This paper aims to contribute to the academic literature by providing a basis for future research.