{"title":"Understanding residual stress in functionally graded directed energy deposition","authors":"Shenliang Yang, Adam T. Clare, Xiaoliang Jin","doi":"10.1016/j.addma.2024.104581","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Residual stress within functionally graded material (FGM) fabricated by directed energy deposition (DED) limits their industrial application. This paper presents a new model for predicting residual stress in the DED-built FGM thin-wall structures, accommodating any DED process configurations or material combinations. To validate this model, SS316/IN718 FGM thin-wall structures were produced by powder-fed laser DED processes, and residual stresses along the longitudinal direction were measured by X-ray diffraction techniques. Under the same deposition parameters, five material composition transition paths from SS316 to IN718 were employed to quantify the effect of material mixing properties on the residual stress distribution. One path was based on the designed weight percentages of SS316 and IN718 in each deposition layer, while the other four paths were determined by detecting the average weight ratios of four elements: iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), niobium (Nb) and titanium (Ti). The predicted residual stress profiles agreed with the measurements, with the maximum normalized root mean squared error (NRMSE) of 26.42 % observed in Nb-based predictions. The validated model was further extended to investigate residual stress distribution in two types of FGM thin-wall structures featured by tilted material transition regions: vertical- and horizontal-dominant walls. Results suggest that maximum tensile residual stresses are proportionally related to the material gradient angle (<em>θ</em><sub>1</sub>) in vertical-dominant walls, while increasing the material gradient angle (<em>θ</em><sub>2</sub>) in horizontal-dominant walls results in more compressive residual stresses at the FGM’s top surface. Based on a comprehensive understanding of the process mechanism using this practical model, it is now possible to propose novel deposition strategies that allow the material specification to be met while offering a reduced residual stress solution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7172,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 104581"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3000,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Additive manufacturing","FirstCategoryId":"5","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214860424006274","RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Residual stress within functionally graded material (FGM) fabricated by directed energy deposition (DED) limits their industrial application. This paper presents a new model for predicting residual stress in the DED-built FGM thin-wall structures, accommodating any DED process configurations or material combinations. To validate this model, SS316/IN718 FGM thin-wall structures were produced by powder-fed laser DED processes, and residual stresses along the longitudinal direction were measured by X-ray diffraction techniques. Under the same deposition parameters, five material composition transition paths from SS316 to IN718 were employed to quantify the effect of material mixing properties on the residual stress distribution. One path was based on the designed weight percentages of SS316 and IN718 in each deposition layer, while the other four paths were determined by detecting the average weight ratios of four elements: iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), niobium (Nb) and titanium (Ti). The predicted residual stress profiles agreed with the measurements, with the maximum normalized root mean squared error (NRMSE) of 26.42 % observed in Nb-based predictions. The validated model was further extended to investigate residual stress distribution in two types of FGM thin-wall structures featured by tilted material transition regions: vertical- and horizontal-dominant walls. Results suggest that maximum tensile residual stresses are proportionally related to the material gradient angle (θ1) in vertical-dominant walls, while increasing the material gradient angle (θ2) in horizontal-dominant walls results in more compressive residual stresses at the FGM’s top surface. Based on a comprehensive understanding of the process mechanism using this practical model, it is now possible to propose novel deposition strategies that allow the material specification to be met while offering a reduced residual stress solution.
期刊介绍:
Additive Manufacturing stands as a peer-reviewed journal dedicated to delivering high-quality research papers and reviews in the field of additive manufacturing, serving both academia and industry leaders. The journal's objective is to recognize the innovative essence of additive manufacturing and its diverse applications, providing a comprehensive overview of current developments and future prospects.
The transformative potential of additive manufacturing technologies in product design and manufacturing is poised to disrupt traditional approaches. In response to this paradigm shift, a distinctive and comprehensive publication outlet was essential. Additive Manufacturing fulfills this need, offering a platform for engineers, materials scientists, and practitioners across academia and various industries to document and share innovations in these evolving technologies.