Characterization of mucilage from Opuntia cochenillifera cladodes: Rheological behavior, cytotoxicity, and antioxidant potential

Abstract

This study explores the extraction of mucilage from cladodes of O. cochenillifera, an underutilized species of the Opuntia genus, in water at room temperature and under continuous stirring, avoiding harsh solvents and high temperatures to preserve its physicochemical and biological properties. Biological safety evaluation of the mucilage revealed cell viability exceeding 70 % at various concentrations (0.05 – 5000 µg/mL) through 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl-tetrazolium (MTT) and sulforhodamine B (SRB) assays. However, the analyses of antioxidant potential revealed insufficient protective effects against oxidative stress across all tested concentrations, indicating the need for a more complex study to understand the sample's antioxidant capacity fully. Additionally, a non-Newtonian fluid behavior was observed during rheological studies and was characterized by shear thinning. Significant variations in viscosity were noted in response to temperature, pH, and concentration, highlighting the mucilage's sensitivity to environmental and compositional conditions. This work not only expands the understanding of the biological viability and physical properties of O. cochenillifera mucilage but also highlights its potential application as a multifunctional, sustainable, and safe biopolymer for the food, cosmetic, and biomedical industries. These results establish a robust scientific foundation for future investigations into the development of natural and biocompatible additives, significantly contributing to the advancement of sustainable and environmentally friendly alternatives across multiple industrial sectors.