Occurrence characteristics, removal efficiencies and potential health risks of typical viruses in rural domestic sewage: A review

IF 6.3 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Journal of water process engineering Pub Date : 2024-11-30 DOI:10.1016/j.jwpe.2024.106611

Yingming Zhu , Su Xu , Yu Zhou , Xuesong Guo , Yunping Han , Jun Zhan , Lin Li , Junxin Liu

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Abstract

Dissimilar sources, treatment processes, resource-oriented models, lack of disinfection, and proximity to living areas may contribute to distinct virus occurrence, removal efficiencies, and risks in rural compared to urban sewage. This study reviews research on viruses in rural domestic sewage from 2000 to 2024, comparing virus removal efficiencies of common rural treatment processes and identifying potential health risks. It finds that typical virus species in rural sewage resemble those in urban areas but at lower concentrations, with a higher prevalence of animal and plant viruses. The concentrations of typical virus range from 10² to 10⁸ GC/L in influent and 10⁰ to 10⁶ GC/L in effluent. Among existing treatment processes, ecological treatment is more effective in virus removal (0.6 log₁₀ to complete removal), whereas contact oxidation, commonly used in rural settings, has relatively low efficacy (0.2–3.0 log₁₀). Effluent discharge (10¹–10¹⁰ GC/L), excess sludge utilization (10²–10¹⁰ GC/(g wet wt.)), and fugitive gas (10³–10⁷ GC/m³) from treatment processes heighten potential risks of virus exposure. This study conducts a comprehensive analysis of existing research, enhancing understanding of the potential risks and research significance of viruses in rural domestic sewage. It underscores the importance of developing virus research and control strategies under current context and proposes several future research directions in conjunction with existing analyses, including migration pathways, detailed removal mechanism, control technologies, and comprehensive risk assessment of viruses in rural sewage.

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农村生活污水中典型病毒的发生特征、去除效率及潜在健康风险综述

与城市污水相比，不同的来源、处理过程、资源导向模式、缺乏消毒以及靠近生活区可能导致农村污水中不同的病毒发生、去除效率和风险。本研究回顾了2000年至2024年农村生活污水中病毒的研究，比较了常见农村处理工艺的病毒去除效率，并确定了潜在的健康风险。研究发现，农村污水中的典型病毒种类与城市地区相似，但浓度较低，动物和植物病毒的流行率较高。进水中典型病毒浓度为102 ~ 108 GC/L，出水中典型病毒浓度为100 ~ 106 GC/L。在现有的处理工艺中，生态处理在病毒去除方面更有效（完全去除0.6 log10），而在农村环境中常用的接触氧化效果相对较低（0.2-3.0 log10）。废水排放（101-1010 GC/L）、剩余污泥利用率（102-1010 GC/(g湿wt.)）和处理过程中的逸出气体（103-107 GC/m3）增加了病毒暴露的潜在风险。本研究对已有研究进行了综合分析，增强了对农村生活污水中病毒的潜在风险和研究意义的认识。强调了在当前背景下制定病毒研究和控制策略的重要性，并结合现有分析提出了未来的几个研究方向，包括迁移途径、详细清除机制、控制技术和农村污水中病毒的综合风险评估。

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来源期刊

Journal of water process engineering Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology-Biotechnology

CiteScore

10.70

自引率

8.60%

发文量

846

审稿时长

24 days

期刊介绍： The Journal of Water Process Engineering aims to publish refereed, high-quality research papers with significant novelty and impact in all areas of the engineering of water and wastewater processing . Papers on advanced and novel treatment processes and technologies are particularly welcome. The Journal considers papers in areas such as nanotechnology and biotechnology applications in water, novel oxidation and separation processes, membrane processes (except those for desalination) , catalytic processes for the removal of water contaminants, sustainable processes, water reuse and recycling, water use and wastewater minimization, integrated/hybrid technology, process modeling of water treatment and novel treatment processes. Submissions on the subject of adsorbents, including standard measurements of adsorption kinetics and equilibrium will only be considered if there is a genuine case for novelty and contribution, for example highly novel, sustainable adsorbents and their use: papers on activated carbon-type materials derived from natural matter, or surfactant-modified clays and related minerals, would not fulfil this criterion. The Journal particularly welcomes contributions involving environmentally, economically and socially sustainable technology for water treatment, including those which are energy-efficient, with minimal or no chemical consumption, and capable of water recycling and reuse that minimizes the direct disposal of wastewater to the aquatic environment. Papers that describe novel ideas for solving issues related to water quality and availability are also welcome, as are those that show the transfer of techniques from other disciplines. The Journal will consider papers dealing with processes for various water matrices including drinking water (except desalination), domestic, urban and industrial wastewaters, in addition to their residues. It is expected that the journal will be of particular relevance to chemical and process engineers working in the field. The Journal welcomes Full Text papers, Short Communications, State-of-the-Art Reviews and Letters to Editors and Case Studies