Revolutionizing electric vehicle cooling: Optimal performance of R1234yf two-phase refrigerant cooling for EV battery thermal management system

IF 6.1 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Applied Thermal Engineering Pub Date : 2024-11-26 DOI:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.125070

Palanisamy Dhamodharan , Mohammad Salman , Rajendran Prabakaran , Gyu Sang Choi , Sung Chul Kim

{"title":"Revolutionizing electric vehicle cooling: Optimal performance of R1234yf two-phase refrigerant cooling for EV battery thermal management system","authors":"Palanisamy Dhamodharan , Mohammad Salman , Rajendran Prabakaran , Gyu Sang Choi , Sung Chul Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.125070","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the effectiveness of R1234yf-based two-phase refrigerant cooling (TRC) in a secondary heat exchanger (test evaporator) designed for battery thermal management systems (BTMS) in electric vehicles. A brazed plate heat exchanger with an offset strip fin configuration is employed to assess various performance metrics, including heat-transfer coefficient (HTC), frictional pressure drop (FPD), cooling performance index (CPI), and inner wall temperature (Tiw). Experiments are conducted across saturation temperatures (Tsat) ranging from 16 to 24 °C, mass flux values of 30 to 70 kg/m2s, and inlet vapor-quality levels from 0.1 to 0.8 for standard discharge rates (C-rates) of 1.25. Additional experiments at lower (30 kg/m2s) and higher mass flux (50 kg/m2s) are performed for discharge rates of 1–1.5C to identify optimal conditions. Results indicate that R1234yf exhibits superior cooling performance across all C-rates at 30 kg/m2s and 20 ℃, with HTC increasing by 28 % for 1C and 26 % for 1.5C. The FPD decreases by 30.5 %, 26.4 %, and 21.9 %, leading to increases in the cooling performance index of 44 %, 33 %, and 24 % for 1C, 1.25C, and 1.5C, respectively. Lower mass flux (30 kg/m2s) yields reduced Tiw at Tsat of 20 °C across all discharge rates, with minimal Tiw variations observed within specific xm ranges (0.57–0.67). A novel correlation is developed integrating a proposed battery and heat-transfer model, validated against experimental results with a 25 % error margin, suggesting further exploration in TRC-based BTMS. Additionally, carbon footprint analysis demonstrates the environmental superiority of R1234yf refrigerant, exhibiting a substantial Total Equivalent Warming Impact reduction of up to 4–28 % compared to conventional R134a refrigerant, affirming its eco-friendly nature and potential for utilization in TRC for battery cooling in BTMS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8201,"journal":{"name":"Applied Thermal Engineering","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 125070"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1000,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Applied Thermal Engineering","FirstCategoryId":"5","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359431124027388","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"ENERGY & FUELS","Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Abstract

This study investigates the effectiveness of R1234yf-based two-phase refrigerant cooling (TRC) in a secondary heat exchanger (test evaporator) designed for battery thermal management systems (BTMS) in electric vehicles. A brazed plate heat exchanger with an offset strip fin configuration is employed to assess various performance metrics, including heat-transfer coefficient (HTC), frictional pressure drop (FPD), cooling performance index (CPI), and inner wall temperature (T_iw). Experiments are conducted across saturation temperatures (T_sat) ranging from 16 to 24 °C, mass flux values of 30 to 70 kg/m²s, and inlet vapor-quality levels from 0.1 to 0.8 for standard discharge rates (C-rates) of 1.25. Additional experiments at lower (30 kg/m²s) and higher mass flux (50 kg/m²s) are performed for discharge rates of 1–1.5C to identify optimal conditions. Results indicate that R1234yf exhibits superior cooling performance across all C-rates at 30 kg/m²s and 20 ℃, with HTC increasing by 28 % for 1C and 26 % for 1.5C. The FPD decreases by 30.5 %, 26.4 %, and 21.9 %, leading to increases in the cooling performance index of 44 %, 33 %, and 24 % for 1C, 1.25C, and 1.5C, respectively. Lower mass flux (30 kg/m²s) yields reduced T_iw at T_sat of 20 °C across all discharge rates, with minimal T_iw variations observed within specific x_m ranges (0.57–0.67). A novel correlation is developed integrating a proposed battery and heat-transfer model, validated against experimental results with a 25 % error margin, suggesting further exploration in TRC-based BTMS. Additionally, carbon footprint analysis demonstrates the environmental superiority of R1234yf refrigerant, exhibiting a substantial Total Equivalent Warming Impact reduction of up to 4–28 % compared to conventional R134a refrigerant, affirming its eco-friendly nature and potential for utilization in TRC for battery cooling in BTMS.

查看原文本刊更多论文

求助全文

约1分钟内获得全文求助全文

来源期刊

Applied Thermal Engineering 工程技术-工程：机械

CiteScore

11.30

自引率

15.60%

发文量

1474

审稿时长

57 days

期刊介绍： Applied Thermal Engineering disseminates novel research related to the design, development and demonstration of components, devices, equipment, technologies and systems involving thermal processes for the production, storage, utilization and conservation of energy, with a focus on engineering application. The journal publishes high-quality and high-impact Original Research Articles, Review Articles, Short Communications and Letters to the Editor on cutting-edge innovations in research, and recent advances or issues of interest to the thermal engineering community.