Revolutionizing electric vehicle cooling: Optimal performance of R1234yf two-phase refrigerant cooling for EV battery thermal management system

IF 6.1 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Applied Thermal Engineering Pub Date : 2024-11-26 DOI:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.125070

Palanisamy Dhamodharan , Mohammad Salman , Rajendran Prabakaran , Gyu Sang Choi , Sung Chul Kim

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Abstract

This study investigates the effectiveness of R1234yf-based two-phase refrigerant cooling (TRC) in a secondary heat exchanger (test evaporator) designed for battery thermal management systems (BTMS) in electric vehicles. A brazed plate heat exchanger with an offset strip fin configuration is employed to assess various performance metrics, including heat-transfer coefficient (HTC), frictional pressure drop (FPD), cooling performance index (CPI), and inner wall temperature (T_iw). Experiments are conducted across saturation temperatures (T_sat) ranging from 16 to 24 °C, mass flux values of 30 to 70 kg/m²s, and inlet vapor-quality levels from 0.1 to 0.8 for standard discharge rates (C-rates) of 1.25. Additional experiments at lower (30 kg/m²s) and higher mass flux (50 kg/m²s) are performed for discharge rates of 1–1.5C to identify optimal conditions. Results indicate that R1234yf exhibits superior cooling performance across all C-rates at 30 kg/m²s and 20 ℃, with HTC increasing by 28 % for 1C and 26 % for 1.5C. The FPD decreases by 30.5 %, 26.4 %, and 21.9 %, leading to increases in the cooling performance index of 44 %, 33 %, and 24 % for 1C, 1.25C, and 1.5C, respectively. Lower mass flux (30 kg/m²s) yields reduced T_iw at T_sat of 20 °C across all discharge rates, with minimal T_iw variations observed within specific x_m ranges (0.57–0.67). A novel correlation is developed integrating a proposed battery and heat-transfer model, validated against experimental results with a 25 % error margin, suggesting further exploration in TRC-based BTMS. Additionally, carbon footprint analysis demonstrates the environmental superiority of R1234yf refrigerant, exhibiting a substantial Total Equivalent Warming Impact reduction of up to 4–28 % compared to conventional R134a refrigerant, affirming its eco-friendly nature and potential for utilization in TRC for battery cooling in BTMS.

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革命性的电动汽车冷却：用于电动汽车电池热管理系统的R1234yf两相制冷剂冷却的最佳性能

本研究研究了基于r1234yf的两相制冷剂冷却（TRC）在为电动汽车电池热管理系统（BTMS）设计的二次热交换器（试验蒸发器）中的有效性。采用带有偏置带状翅片结构的钎焊板式换热器来评估各种性能指标，包括传热系数（HTC）、摩擦压降（FPD）、冷却性能指数（CPI）和内壁温度（Tiw）。实验在饱和温度（Tsat）范围为16至24°C，质量通量值为30至70 kg/m2s，进口蒸汽质量水平为0.1至0.8，标准排放率（C-率）为1.25。在1 - 1.5℃的放电速率下，进行了较低（30 kg/m2s）和较高质量通量（50 kg/m2s）的附加实验，以确定最佳条件。结果表明，R1234yf在30 kg/m2s和20℃的所有c -速率下都表现出优异的冷却性能，1C时HTC增加28%，1.5℃时HTC增加26%。当温度为1C、1.25C和1.5C时，FPD分别降低了30.5%、26.4%和21.9%，导致冷却性能指数分别提高了44%、33%和24%。在所有放电速率下，较低的质量通量（30 kg/m2s）在Tsat为20°C时降低了Tiw，在特定xm范围内观察到的Tiw变化最小（0.57-0.67）。结合所提出的电池和传热模型，建立了一种新的相关性，并与实验结果进行了验证，误差范围为25%，这表明了基于trc的BTMS的进一步探索。此外，碳足迹分析显示了R1234yf制冷剂的环境优势，与传统的R134a制冷剂相比，R1234yf制冷剂的总等效变暖影响减少了4 - 28%，证实了其环保性和在BTMS的TRC中用于电池冷却的潜力。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Applied Thermal Engineering 工程技术-工程：机械

CiteScore

11.30

自引率

15.60%

发文量

1474

审稿时长

57 days

期刊介绍： Applied Thermal Engineering disseminates novel research related to the design, development and demonstration of components, devices, equipment, technologies and systems involving thermal processes for the production, storage, utilization and conservation of energy, with a focus on engineering application. The journal publishes high-quality and high-impact Original Research Articles, Review Articles, Short Communications and Letters to the Editor on cutting-edge innovations in research, and recent advances or issues of interest to the thermal engineering community.