Protective Impact of Influenza Vaccination on Healthcare Workers.

Abstract

Background: Influenza vaccine uptake among healthcare workers is crucial for preventing influenza infections, yet its effectiveness needs further investigation.

Objectives: This prospective observational study aimed to assess the protective effect of influenza vaccination among healthcare workers in Shenzhen.

Methods: We enrolled 100 participants, with 50 receiving the 2023-2024 quadrivalent influenza vaccine (QIV) and 50 serving as unvaccinated controls. Epidemiological data were collected when the participants presented influenza-like illness. Serum samples were collected at three time points (pre-vaccination and 28 and 180 days after vaccination). Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay was performed against the strains included in the 2023-2024 QIV (H1N1, H3N2, BV and BY strains) to assess antibody protection levels. Demographics comparisons revealed no significant differences between the vaccinated and control groups (p > 0.05), ensuring group comparability.

Results: The incidence of influenza-like illness was significantly lower in the vaccinated (18%) compared to the control group (36%; p = 0.046; OR = 0.39; 95% CI: 0.15 to 0.98). The vaccinated group also exhibited a higher rate of consecutive two-year vaccinations (48% vs. 24% in the control group, p < 0.05). Additionally, the vaccinated healthcare workers were more inclined to recommend vaccination to their families (80% vs. 48%, p < 0.05). HI titers against H1N1 (p < 0.01), H3N2 (p < 0.01), BV (p < 0.001) and BY (p < 0.01) significantly increased in the vaccinated group at 28 days post-vaccination. Moreover, a marked and sustained increase in HI titers against the H3N2 strain (p < 0.001) was observed at 180 days post-vaccination, highlighting the vaccine's enduring impact on the immune response. The fold change in the HI titers, indicative of the magnitude of the immune response, was significantly higher for H1N1 (p < 0.01), H3N2 (p < 0.001), BV (p < 0.01) and BY (p < 0.05) among the vaccinated individuals compared to the control group, underscoring the vaccine's efficacy in eliciting a robust and sustained antibody response.

Conclusion: Influenza vaccination significantly reduces the incidence of influenza-like illness among healthcare workers and promotes a sustained immune response. The study supports the importance of annual vaccination for this group to enhance personal and public health.