Muhammad Hassnain Haideri, Titi Phanjaroen, Wiritphon Khiaolaongam, Thanarat Boonchalaem, Jiraporn Laoung-On, Supakit Chaipoot, Surat Hongsibsong, Kongsak Boonyapranai, Sakaewan Ounjaijean
{"title":"Effect of Different Extraction Techniques on Phenolic Profile and Phytochemical Potential of <i>Gymnema inodorum</i> Leaf Extract.","authors":"Muhammad Hassnain Haideri, Titi Phanjaroen, Wiritphon Khiaolaongam, Thanarat Boonchalaem, Jiraporn Laoung-On, Supakit Chaipoot, Surat Hongsibsong, Kongsak Boonyapranai, Sakaewan Ounjaijean","doi":"10.3390/molecules29225475","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The therapeutic potential of plant extracts has attracted significant interest, especially regarding indigenous species with health-promoting properties. <i>Gymnema inodorum</i>, native to Northern Thailand, is recognized for its rich phytochemical profile; however, the impact of various extraction techniques on its phenolic composition and bioactivity remains underexplored. Optimizing extraction methods is essential to enhance the pharmacological efficacy of this plant's bioactive compounds. This study investigated the influence of four extraction methods-ethanol maceration, ethanol reflux, aqueous decoction, and microwave-assisted extraction-on the bioactive profile of <i>G. inodorum</i> leaves, with a focus on the phenolic content and biological activities. Antioxidant activities were evaluated using DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays, while the total phenolic and flavonoid contents were quantified by colorimetric methods. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) quantified gymnemic acid and key phenolic compounds. Among the methods, ethanol reflux yielded the highest antioxidant activities (DPPH and ABTS scavenging), with a total phenolic content of 82.54 mg GAE/g and flavonoid content of 31.90 mg QE/g. HPLC analysis identified sinapic acid, myricetin, and p-hydroxybenzoic acid as major phenolics. Furthermore, the ethanol reflux extract displayed potent anti-diabetic activity, with IC<sub>50</sub> values of 13.36 mg/mL for α-amylase and 7.39 mg/mL for α-glucosidase, as well as strong anti-inflammatory activity (IC<sub>50</sub> of 1.6 mg/mL) and acetylcholinesterase inhibition (IC<sub>50</sub> of 1.2 mg/mL). These findings suggest that ethanol reflux extraction is a highly effective method for producing bioactive-rich <i>G. inodorum</i> extracts, with substantial pharmacological potential for developing herbal remedies and nutraceuticals, particularly in enhancing therapeutic approaches for diabetes and other health-related conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":19041,"journal":{"name":"Molecules","volume":"29 22","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2000,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Molecules","FirstCategoryId":"92","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29225475","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of plant extracts has attracted significant interest, especially regarding indigenous species with health-promoting properties. Gymnema inodorum, native to Northern Thailand, is recognized for its rich phytochemical profile; however, the impact of various extraction techniques on its phenolic composition and bioactivity remains underexplored. Optimizing extraction methods is essential to enhance the pharmacological efficacy of this plant's bioactive compounds. This study investigated the influence of four extraction methods-ethanol maceration, ethanol reflux, aqueous decoction, and microwave-assisted extraction-on the bioactive profile of G. inodorum leaves, with a focus on the phenolic content and biological activities. Antioxidant activities were evaluated using DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays, while the total phenolic and flavonoid contents were quantified by colorimetric methods. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) quantified gymnemic acid and key phenolic compounds. Among the methods, ethanol reflux yielded the highest antioxidant activities (DPPH and ABTS scavenging), with a total phenolic content of 82.54 mg GAE/g and flavonoid content of 31.90 mg QE/g. HPLC analysis identified sinapic acid, myricetin, and p-hydroxybenzoic acid as major phenolics. Furthermore, the ethanol reflux extract displayed potent anti-diabetic activity, with IC50 values of 13.36 mg/mL for α-amylase and 7.39 mg/mL for α-glucosidase, as well as strong anti-inflammatory activity (IC50 of 1.6 mg/mL) and acetylcholinesterase inhibition (IC50 of 1.2 mg/mL). These findings suggest that ethanol reflux extraction is a highly effective method for producing bioactive-rich G. inodorum extracts, with substantial pharmacological potential for developing herbal remedies and nutraceuticals, particularly in enhancing therapeutic approaches for diabetes and other health-related conditions.
期刊介绍：
Molecules (ISSN 1420-3049, CODEN: MOLEFW) is an open access journal of synthetic organic chemistry and natural product chemistry. All articles are peer-reviewed and published continously upon acceptance. Molecules is published by MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Our aim is to encourage chemists to publish as much as possible their experimental detail, particularly synthetic procedures and characterization information. There is no restriction on the length of the experimental section. In addition, availability of compound samples is published and considered as important information. Authors are encouraged to register or deposit their chemical samples through the non-profit international organization Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI). Molecules has been launched in 1996 to preserve and exploit molecular diversity of both, chemical information and chemical substances.
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号
