Stress drives premature hive exiting behavior that leads to death in young honey bee (Apis mellifera) workers.

Abstract

Background: The Western honey bee, Apis mellifera, is an economically important pollinator, as well as a tractable species for studying the behavioral intricacies of eusociality. Honey bees are currently being challenged by multiple biotic and environmental stressors, many of which act concomitantly to affect colony health and productivity. For instance, developmental stress can lead workers to become precocious foragers and to leave the hive prematurely. Precocious foragers have decreased flight time and lower foraging efficiency, which can ultimately lower colony productivity and even lead to colony collapse.

Materials and methods: In this study, we tested the hypothesis that stress during pupal development can cause young workers to exit the hive prematurely before they are physically able to fly. This premature exiting behavior results in death outside the hive soon thereafter. To determine how various stressors may lead bees to perform this behavior, we subjected workers during the last pupal stage to either cold stress (26 °C for 24 h), heat stress (39 °C for 24 h), or Varroa destructor mite parasitization, and compared the rate of premature hive exits between stressed bees and their respective control counterparts. Upon emergence, we individually tagged focal bees in all treatment groups and introduced them to a common observation hive. We then followed tagged bees over time and monitored their survivorship, as well as their likelihood of performing the premature hive exiting behavior. We also dissected the hypopharyngeal glands of all treatment and control bees sampled.

Results: We found that significantly more bees in all three treatment groups exited the hive prematurely compared to their control counterparts. Bees in all treatment groups also had significantly smaller hypopharyngeal glands than control bees.

Conclusions: Our results suggest that premature hive exiting behavior is driven by stress and is potentially a form of accelerated age polyethism that leads to premature death.