Trends and Symptoms Among Increasing Proportion of African Americans with Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer over a 60-Year Period.

Abstract

Background: The proportion of early onset colorectal cancer (EOCRC) is alarming in adults, including in African Americans (AA).

Aim: To investigate differences between EOCRC compared to late-onset colorectal cancer (LOCRC) among AA patients.

Methods: This retrospective study reviewed demographic, clinical presentations, colonoscopy, and pathology reports of patients at Howard University Hospital from 1959 to 2023. The study included 176 EOCRC cases (< 45 years) and 2034 LOCRC cases (> 45 years).

Results: Both EOCRC and LOCRC groups were predominantly AA (> 80%) with slightly more females (53%) than males. The mean age was 38 years for EOCRC and 66 years for LOCRC cases. EOCRC cases increased as a proportion of total detected CRC cases since 2010 (over 13%) after several decades of just above 6%. Family history of CRC in first degree relatives was higher among EOCRC (15.5% vs.3.4% in LOCRC patients, p < 0.01). Symptoms at presentation were prevalent in both EOCRC (93.8%) and LOCRC (92.6%). EOCRC patients exhibited higher incidence of abdominal pain (23.3% vs. 17.2%, p = 0.05) and changes in bowel habits (24.4% vs. 14%, p < 0.01) compared to LOCRC patients. Other symptoms such as melena, hematochezia, and weight loss were less prevalent in EOCRC patients. Comorbidities like hypertension (HTN), diabetes mellitus (DM), and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) were less frequent among EOCRC patients. EOCRC was primarily observed in the sigmoid and rectosigmoid regions (p = 0.02). Metastasis at index colonoscopy was more prevalent with EOCRC compared to LOCRC (p = 0.04), with a higher proportion of patients at stage 3 cancer (p < 0.05). Significant differences were noted in the timeline for undergoing surgery after the diagnosis of colorectal cancer, with EOCRC patients taking longer than LOCRC patients (p = 0.03).

Conclusion: Presentation of EOCRC over LOCRC increased proportionally in our cohort since 2010 and is associated with family history, and symptoms such as abdominal pain and change in bowel habits. Likely because of age at presentation, there are less comorbidities among EOCRC patients who predominantly present in the outpatient setting, and more likely diagnosed with advanced stage lesions that are predominantly sigmoid or rectosigmoid. These findings are similar to observations seen in the general population with EOCRC, albeit African American patients have commonly had earlier age presentation of CRC than White American patients.