Commercial dexamethasone degradation by heterogeneous sono/photo-Fenton process using iron zeolite catalyst by an electrodeposition method.

Abstract

Dexamethasone (DXM) was the first drug used to treat COVID-19, only a small part is metabolized and has been identified in wastewater and surface water, conventional treatments do not remove these compounds, therefore new technologies must be developed. A commercially injectable solution containing dexamethasone (DXM) was removed by heterogeneous sono/photo-Fenton (SPF) process using clinoptilolite zeolite (CZ) modified with Fe (CZ-Fe) by an electrodeposition method. The effect of initial concentration (1.2, 3, 5.5, 8, 9.7 mg/L), H₂O₂ dose (9.8, 15, 22.5, 30, 35.1 mg/L) and hydraulic retention time (HRT, 39.5, 60, 90, 120, 140 min) were evaluated through central composite design (CCD). The frequency of the ultrasound was 140 kHz. The optimal conditions were 5.5 mg/L DXM, 22.5 mg/L H₂O₂ and 140 min obtaining an 85.4% DXM by UV-Vis, 99% by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and 76% by chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal. The systems generated 12, 25, 40.5 and 45.5 mg/L of total oxidant at 20, 60, 100 and 140 kHz, respectively. In individual effects, UV radiation removed 23.6%, ultrasound 18.1% and H₂O₂ 14% of DXM. In kinetic studies, the best fit was obtained for the Behnajady-Modirshahla-Ghanbery (BMG) model. SPF improved the mass transfer within the reaction media, the oxidation rate and the consumption of H₂O_2, and no sludge was generated. Finally, another oxidant formed during the process (H^•, HO₂^•, O₂^-•) contributed to DXM removal.