Effects of Sodium Chloride, Sodium Lactate, and Sodium Diacetate on the Growth Probabilities of Salmonella Spp. and Staphylococcus Aureus

Abstract

Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus aureus have been linked to foodborne illnesses caused by the consumption of processed meat products. This study examined the growth probabilities of these two pathogens as affected by sodium chloride (salt), sodium lactate, and sodium diacetate in a solid medium for using these three additives to improve the microbial safety of processed meat. Sterilized tryptic soy agar (TSA, 200 μL) formulated with a combination of salt (3%–8%, a_w 0.98–0.93), lactate (0%–2.4%), and diacetate (0%–0.25%) and inoculated with Salmonella spp. or S. aureus was dispersed into 96-well microplates and incubated at 37°C for 7 days. After incubation, a well showing any Salmonella spp. or S. aureus colonies was denoted as a growth event, otherwise a no-growth event. The number of growth events for each formulation was recorded. The effects of the additives on the growth event were analyzed by logistic regression to identify the growth and no-growth boundaries and the formulations that may prevent the growth of Salmonella spp. or S. aureus. For Salmonella spp., the observed minimum no-growth concentrations in TSA were 3% salt with 0.8% lactate+0.2% diacetate or 1.6% lactate+0.1% diacetate, 4% salt with 2.4% lactate, 5% salt with 0.25% diacetate, 6% salt with 0.8% lactate+0.15% diacetate, 7% salt with 0.8% lactate or 0.15% diacetate, and 8% salt alone. For S. aureus, the concentrations were 3% salt with 2.4% lactate+0.2 diacetate, 5% salt with 1.6% lactate+0.2% diacetate, 7% salt with 0.8% lactate+0.25% diacetate, and 8% salt with 0.8% lactate+0.20% diacetate or 1.6% lactate+0.15% diacetate. These no-growth formulations also inhibited the growth of both pathogens in cooked meat samples. Mathematical models were developed to describe the effects of the additives on the growth probabilities of Salmonella spp. and S. aureus. Findings from this study may be used for formulating refrigerated and shelf-stable meat products to reduce Salmonella spp. and S. aureus risk.