Interest of hair tests and supplement tests to discriminate a tail end of a doping regimen from a supplement contamination in case of challenging an anti-doping rule violation. VII. Case example with clomiphene

IF 3.2 3区 医学 Q2 MEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY
Pascal Kintz , Laurie Gheddar , Alessandro Di Giorgi , Simona Pichini , Luis Ferrari
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Clomiphene or clomifene is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used in therapeutic to enhance the fertility of women. As the drug can influence testosterone circulating concentrations, clomiphene is prohibited at all times under the world anti-doping agency prohibited list in the class S4.2 (hormones and metabolic modulators). Clomiphene can also be administered to animals, particularly hens, due to its fertility-enhancing effect. As a consequence, there is a potential risk of contamination for athletes eating egg products which has already been noticed by sport authorities. The authors report the case of a male athlete who returned an adverse analytical finding for clomiphene with very low concentrations in urine (estimated to be 0.15 and 0.01 ng/mL for clomiphene and 4-OH-clomiphene, respectively). As the athlete challenged the anti-doping rule violation, a hair specimen (black in colour and 6.5 cm in length) was collected about 14 weeks after the urine collection and tested for clomiphene by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry using a previously described method. Clomiphene was identified at 185, 170 and 125 pg/mg in 3 × 2 cm hair segments, demonstrating repetitive exposures to the drug over the last 6 months. The athlete submitted an egg powder (albumin) used for many months to the laboratory, and this product returned positive for clomiphene at 230 ng/g. Given a daily intake of 20 g, the subject was exposed to 4.6 μg of clomiphene per day that was found consistent to produce the positive signal in urine, in relation with a very long elimination half-life.
在对违反反兴奋剂规则的行为提出质疑时,利用毛发检测和补充剂检测来区分使用兴 奋剂疗程的尾期和补充剂污染。VII.氯米芬案例
克罗米芬或克罗米芬是一种选择性雌激素受体调节剂(SERM),用于提高妇女的生育能力。由于该药物会影响睾酮的循环浓度,因此在世界反兴奋剂机构的禁用清单 S4.2 类(激素和代谢调节剂)中,克罗米芬在任何时候都是禁用的。克罗米芬还可用于动物,尤其是母鸡,因为它具有提高繁殖力的作用。因此,运动员在食用蛋制品时有可能受到污染,这一点已引起体育管理部门的注意。作者报告了一名男运动员的案例,该运动员尿液中的氯米芬浓度很低(估计氯米芬和 4-OH- 氯米芬的浓度分别为 0.15 和 0.01 纳克/毫升),并返回了氯米芬的不良分析结果。由于该运动员对违反反兴奋剂规定的行为提出质疑,因此在收集尿液约 14 周后收集了一根头发样本(黑色,长 6.5 厘米),并采用之前描述的方法,通过液相色谱耦合串联质谱法检测氯米芬。在 3 × 2 厘米长的毛发中分别检测出 185、170 和 125 皮克/毫克的氯米芬,这表明该运动员在过去 6 个月中反复接触过这种药物。该运动员向实验室提交了使用多月的蛋粉(白蛋白),该产品的氯米芬检测结果呈阳性,为 230 纳克/克。按照每天摄入 20 克计算,该受试者每天接触 4.6 微克的氯米芬,尿液中出现阳性信号的情况一致,这与氯米芬的消除半衰期很长有关。
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来源期刊
Clinica Chimica Acta
Clinica Chimica Acta 医学-医学实验技术
CiteScore
10.10
自引率
2.00%
发文量
1268
审稿时长
23 days
期刊介绍: The Official Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC) Clinica Chimica Acta is a high-quality journal which publishes original Research Communications in the field of clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine, defined as the diagnostic application of chemistry, biochemistry, immunochemistry, biochemical aspects of hematology, toxicology, and molecular biology to the study of human disease in body fluids and cells. The objective of the journal is to publish novel information leading to a better understanding of biological mechanisms of human diseases, their prevention, diagnosis, and patient management. Reports of an applied clinical character are also welcome. Papers concerned with normal metabolic processes or with constituents of normal cells or body fluids, such as reports of experimental or clinical studies in animals, are only considered when they are clearly and directly relevant to human disease. Evaluation of commercial products have a low priority for publication, unless they are novel or represent a technological breakthrough. Studies dealing with effects of drugs and natural products and studies dealing with the redox status in various diseases are not within the journal''s scope. Development and evaluation of novel analytical methodologies where applicable to diagnostic clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine, including point-of-care testing, and topics on laboratory management and informatics will also be considered. Studies focused on emerging diagnostic technologies and (big) data analysis procedures including digitalization, mobile Health, and artificial Intelligence applied to Laboratory Medicine are also of interest.
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