Enhancing biodiesel production and tribocorrosion resistance with MWCNT–COOH @TiO2 nanocatalysts

IF 6.7 1区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Fuel Pub Date : 2024-11-23 DOI:10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133811

Younis Muhsin Younis Al-Ani, Majid Ahmadlouydarab

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

This study marks a significant advancement in sustainable energy by demonstrating the potential of novel nanocatalysts to efficiently transesterify used cooking oils into biodiesel. A nanocatalyst consisting of titanium dioxide and functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was selected for its large specific surface area and high catalytic efficiency in biodiesel production. Prepared through impregnation followed by calcination, the nanocatalyst was thoroughly characterized using advanced techniques such as Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), High-Resolution Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (HR–FESEM), and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The optimum parameters of the transesterification process were determined by Taguchi method as 30 min of reaction at a temperature of 50 °C a stirrer speed of 600 rpm with a nanocatalyst concentration of 400 mg and the oil-to-methanol ratio 1:6. Under these conditions, this nanocatalyst afforded a 98.4 % biodiesel yield, effectively converting waste oil into renewable energy. The biodiesel, with a flash point of 148 °C and a viscosity of 4.2 mm²/s, met the required specifications according to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards for applications. Furthermore, the nanocatalyst reusability 91.2 % efficiency after three cycles.

The nanocatalyst was reported to reduce wear rates by 9.46%, 10%, and 14.3% compared to functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes, according to ASTM G99 standards on a wear test. The wear resistance is enhanced by the formation of a protective oxide layer, which provides smoothness to the surface with solid protection against wear. Combining a high biodiesel yield and low wear provides a route to increase the efficiency and sustainability of energy processes. This highly efficient and durable nanocatalyst can be applied in the transesterification of waste cooking oil as an economical and eco-friendly procedure to produce biodiesel.

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利用 MWCNT-COOH @TiO2 纳米催化剂提高生物柴油生产和耐摩擦腐蚀性能

这项研究展示了新型纳米催化剂高效地将废食用油酯交换成生物柴油的潜力，标志着可持续能源领域取得了重大进展。研究人员选择了一种由二氧化钛和功能化多壁碳纳米管（MWCNTs）组成的纳米催化剂，因为这种催化剂的比表面积大，在生物柴油生产中的催化效率高。通过浸渍和煅烧制备出的纳米催化剂采用了先进的技术，如布鲁纳-埃美特-泰勒（BET）表面积分析、X 射线衍射（XRD）、傅立叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）、高分辨率场发射扫描电子显微镜（HR-FESEM）和原子力显微镜（AFM），对其进行了全面的表征。通过田口方法确定了酯交换过程的最佳参数：反应 30 分钟，温度 50 ℃，搅拌器转速 600 转/分钟，纳米催化剂浓度 400 毫克，油甲醇比 1:6。在这些条件下，这种纳米催化剂的生物柴油产量达到 98.4%，有效地将废油转化为可再生能源。生物柴油的闪点为 148 °C，粘度为 4.2 mm2/s，符合美国材料试验协会（ASTM）的应用标准。此外，根据 ASTM G99 标准的磨损测试，与功能化多壁碳纳米管相比，纳米催化剂的磨损率分别降低了 9.46%、10% 和 14.3%。保护性氧化层的形成增强了耐磨性，使表面更加光滑，并提供了坚实的耐磨保护。将生物柴油的高产率和低磨损结合起来，为提高能源工艺的效率和可持续性提供了一条途径。这种高效耐用的纳米催化剂可用于废食用油的酯交换反应，是生产生物柴油的经济环保型工艺。

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来源期刊

Fuel 工程技术-工程：化工

CiteScore

12.80

自引率

20.30%

发文量

3506

审稿时长

64 days

期刊介绍： The exploration of energy sources remains a critical matter of study. For the past nine decades, fuel has consistently held the forefront in primary research efforts within the field of energy science. This area of investigation encompasses a wide range of subjects, with a particular emphasis on emerging concerns like environmental factors and pollution.