Effect of g-C3N4 and rGO incorporation on the physical properties and photocatalytic application of TiO2 particles through a simple and cost-effective synthesis method

IF 5.1 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CERAMICS

Ceramics International Pub Date : 2024-09-28 DOI:10.1016/j.ceramint.2024.09.376

Aminreza Beizavi , Mehdi Boroujerdnia

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Abstract

This research examined the effect of adding carbon-based materials, including graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO), to titanium dioxide (TiO₂) particles for photocatalytic applications using a simple and cost-effective mechanical grinding method. The results indicated that the composite samples had larger crystallite sizes (19.28–22.86 nm) and lower strain than the TiO₂ sample. Morphological analysis showed that, while the addition of g-C₃N₄ and rGO did not alter the spherical shape of the TiO₂ particles, it did reduce their average size. The TiO₂ particles exhibited oxygen-poor stoichiometry, which was further intensified by the incorporation of g-C₃N₄ and rGO. Optical analysis revealed that the TiO₂ sample has an optical energy band gap of approximately 2.94 eV, which was increased by adding of g-C₃N₄ and rGO. Additionally, the composite samples showed lower radiative recombination compared to the TiO₂ sample. The photocatalytic experiment demonstrated a maximum degradation of 98 % of methylene blue by the g-C₃N₄/rGO/TiO₂ sample under UV illumination after 90 min.

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通过一种简单而经济有效的合成方法，研究 g-C3N4 和 rGO 的加入对 TiO2 粒子物理性质和光催化应用的影响

本研究采用一种简单且经济有效的机械研磨方法，考察了在二氧化钛（TiO2）颗粒中添加碳基材料（包括氮化石墨碳（g-C3N4）和还原氧化石墨烯（rGO））进行光催化应用的效果。结果表明，与 TiO2 样品相比，复合样品的结晶尺寸更大（19.28-22.86 nm），应变更小。形态分析表明，虽然 g-C3N4 和 rGO 的加入并没有改变 TiO2 颗粒的球形，但却减小了它们的平均尺寸。二氧化钛颗粒呈现出贫氧的化学计量，而 g-C3N4 和 rGO 的加入进一步加剧了这种情况。光学分析表明，TiO2 样品的光能带隙约为 2.94 eV，加入 g-C3N4 和 rGO 后，光能带隙有所增大。此外，与 TiO2 样品相比，复合样品的辐射重组较低。光催化实验表明，在紫外线照射下 90 分钟后，g-C3N4/rGO/TiO2 样品对亚甲基蓝的降解率最高可达 98%。

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来源期刊

Ceramics International 工程技术-材料科学：硅酸盐

CiteScore

9.40

自引率

15.40%

发文量

4558

审稿时长

25 days

期刊介绍： Ceramics International covers the science of advanced ceramic materials. The journal encourages contributions that demonstrate how an understanding of the basic chemical and physical phenomena may direct materials design and stimulate ideas for new or improved processing techniques, in order to obtain materials with desired structural features and properties. Ceramics International covers oxide and non-oxide ceramics, functional glasses, glass ceramics, amorphous inorganic non-metallic materials (and their combinations with metal and organic materials), in the form of particulates, dense or porous bodies, thin/thick films and laminated, graded and composite structures. Process related topics such as ceramic-ceramic joints or joining ceramics with dissimilar materials, as well as surface finishing and conditioning are also covered. Besides traditional processing techniques, manufacturing routes of interest include innovative procedures benefiting from externally applied stresses, electromagnetic fields and energetic beams, as well as top-down and self-assembly nanotechnology approaches. In addition, the journal welcomes submissions on bio-inspired and bio-enabled materials designs, experimentally validated multi scale modelling and simulation for materials design, and the use of the most advanced chemical and physical characterization techniques of structure, properties and behaviour. Technologically relevant low-dimensional systems are a particular focus of Ceramics International. These include 0, 1 and 2-D nanomaterials (also covering CNTs, graphene and related materials, and diamond-like carbons), their nanocomposites, as well as nano-hybrids and hierarchical multifunctional nanostructures that might integrate molecular, biological and electronic components.