Occurrence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium oocysts in chickens from Egypt, and a meta-analysis for Cryptosporidium infections in chickens worldwide

IF 1.4 Q3 PARASITOLOGY

Veterinary parasitology, regional studies and reports Pub Date : 2024-11-19 DOI:10.1016/j.vprsr.2024.101169

Ahmed Essam , Bassem Elmishmishy , Enas Hammad , Salah Abu Elwafa , Ibrahim Abbas

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Abstract

Cryptosporidium is a leading cause of diarrhea in children and immunocompromised patients. Various animals and birds can also be infected with this protist, and Cryptosporidium zoonosis is common. A few reports have been published worldwide on Cryptosporidium infections in chickens. The present study surveyed Cryptosporidium infections in chickens from Dakahlia governorate, Egypt. Cryptosporidium oocysts were tested, using the Ziehl Neelsen modified acid-fast staining, in 884 chickens collected from various farms and live bird markets (LBMs) in Dakahlia governorate, Egypt. COWP (Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein)-PCR testing coupled with isolate sequencing was conducted for 10 Cryptosporidium-positive samples. Intestinal contents of 58 (6.6 %) out of the surveyed chickens in Dakahlia, Egypt, had Cryptosporidium oocysts. The native breed (Balady) had a significantly higher prevalence than the commercial breeds. Oocysts of two different size ranges were detected; 4–5.5 × 4–5 μm and 6–7 × 5–6 μm. Two of the ten PCR-tested samples were successfully sequenced and identified as Cryptosporidium parvum. The present study conducted also the first meta-analysis describing the epidemiology, clinical disease, and species diversity of Cryptosporidium infecting chickens worldwide. The pooled Cryptosporidium prevalence in 18,579 chickens tested worldwide was 18.3 %, with insignificant geographical variations. The prevalence was two-fold higher (40.5 %) at the flock level. Chickens collected from LBMs (30.5 %) had significantly higher pooled prevalence than farmed chickens (14.4 %). Insignificant prevalence variations were detected according to the production type (broiler or layer), diagnostic method, or disease status. Three Cryptosporidium species common to infect birds were molecularly identified in 760 chickens tested worldwide: Cryptosporidium baileyi, Cryptosporidium meleagridis, and Cryptosporidium galli, with the former being the most frequently detected. Cryptosporidium parvum was detected in a few samples mostly from free-range chickens. In conclusion, potential C. parvum zoonosis from chickens is suggested in Egypt, where C. parvum is common among humans and various animals. Given that chicken has a substantial role in the global C. meleagridis zoonoses, and no bird-specific Cryptosporidium spp. were detected in the tested samples from Egypt, we do recommend a large-scale molecular survey to detect various species and genotypes infecting chickens throughout various Egyptian governorates.

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埃及鸡隐孢子虫卵囊的出现和分子特征，以及对全球鸡隐孢子虫感染的荟萃分析

隐孢子虫是导致儿童和免疫力低下患者腹泻的主要原因。各种动物和鸟类也可能感染这种原生动物，隐孢子虫人畜共患病很常见。世界范围内关于鸡隐孢子虫感染的报道不多。本研究调查了埃及达卡利亚省鸡体内的隐孢子虫感染情况。采用齐氏耐尔森改良耐酸染色法检测了从埃及达卡利亚省各农场和活禽市场（LBMs）收集的 884 只鸡体内的隐孢子虫卵囊。对 10 个隐孢子虫阳性样本进行了 COWP（隐孢子虫卵囊壁蛋白）- PCR 检测和分离测序。在埃及达卡利亚进行的调查中，58 只鸡（6.6%）的肠道内容物中含有隐孢子虫卵囊。本地品种（Balady）的发病率明显高于商业品种。检测到的卵囊大小有两种：4-5.5 × 4-5 μm 和 6-7 × 5-6 μm。经 PCR 检测的 10 个样本中，有 2 个样本被成功测序并确定为副隐孢子虫。本研究还首次对全球鸡只隐孢子虫感染的流行病学、临床疾病和物种多样性进行了荟萃分析。在全球检测的 18,579 只鸡中，隐孢子虫的总感染率为 18.3%，地域差异不明显。鸡群的隐孢子虫感染率是其他地区的两倍（40.5%）。从低密度饲养场采集的鸡（30.5%）的合计感染率明显高于养殖鸡（14.4%）。根据生产类型（肉鸡或蛋鸡）、诊断方法或疾病状况，检测到的流行率差异不大。在全球检测的 760 只鸡中，分子鉴定出了三种常见的隐孢子虫：贝利隐孢子虫、梅莱格里迪斯隐孢子虫和加里隐孢子虫，前者是最常检测到的隐孢子虫。在少数样本中检测到了副隐孢子虫，其中大部分来自散养鸡。总之，在埃及，鸡可能会引起人畜共患病，因为鸡隐孢子虫在埃及的人类和各种动物中都很常见。鉴于鸡在全球梅氏隐孢子虫人畜共患病中的重要作用，而且在埃及检测的样本中没有发现鸟类特有的隐孢子虫属，我们建议进行大规模的分子调查，以检测埃及各省感染鸡的各种物种和基因型。

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来源期刊

Veterinary parasitology, regional studies and reports Multiple-

CiteScore

2.90

自引率

7.10%

发文量

126

审稿时长

97 days

期刊介绍： Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports focuses on aspects of veterinary parasitology that are of regional concern, which is especially important in this era of climate change and the rapid and often unconstrained travel of people and animals. Relative to regions, this journal will accept papers of the highest quality dealing with all aspects of disease prevention, pathology, treatment, epidemiology, and control of parasites within the field of veterinary medicine. Also, case reports will be considered as they add to information related to local disease and its control; such papers must be concise and represent appropriate medical intervention. Papers on veterinary parasitology from wildlife species are acceptable, but only if they relate to the practice of veterinary medicine. Studies on vector-borne bacterial and viral agents are suitable, but only if the paper deals with vector transmission of these organisms to domesticated animals. Studies dealing with parasite control by means of natural products, both in vivo and in vitro, are more suited for one of the many journals that now specialize in papers of this type. However, due to the regional nature of much of this research, submissions may be considered based upon a case being made by the author(s) to the Editor. Circumstances relating to animal experimentation must meet the International Guiding Principles for Biomedical Research Involving Animals as issued by the Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (obtainable from: Executive Secretary C.I.O.M.S., c/o W.H.O., Via Appia, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland).