Analysis of hydrogen supply and demand in China's energy transition towards carbon neutrality

IF 6.4 1区 地球科学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Qian-Zhi Zhang , Li-Ning Wang , Wen-Ying Chen , Cheng-Long Zhang , Kang-Li Xiang , Jin-Yu Chen
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Abstract

The role of hydrogen in the transition to carbon-neutral energy systems will be influenced by key factors such as carbon neutrality pathways, hydrogen production technology costs, and hydrogen transportation costs. Existing studies have not comprehensively analyzed and compared the impact of these key factors on the development of hydrogen supply and demand under China's carbon neutrality pathways. This study uses the Global Change Assessment Model (GCAM) with an upgraded hydrogen module to evaluate the development potential of China's hydrogen industry, considering various carbon neutrality pathways as well as hydrogen production and transportation costs. The findings indicate that, by 2050, hydrogen could account for 8%–14% of final energy, averting 1.0–1.7 Bt of carbon emissions annually at an average mitigation cost of 85–183 USD t−1CO2. The total hydrogen production is projected to reach 75–135 Mt, with 34%–56% from renewable energy electrolysis and about 15%–29% from fossil fuel-based CCS. On a sectoral level, by 2050, the hydrogen demand in the industrial and transportation sectors is expected to reach 37–63 Mt and 30–42 Mt, with a potential reduction of about 0.6–0.9 BtCO2 and 0.5–0.6 BtCO2. The share of hydrogen in the final energy of the steel and chemical sectors is estimated to be 9%–19% and 17%–25%, collectively accounting for 36%–42% of total hydrogen demand and 46%–50% of total emission reduction potential. Realizing hydrogen's emission reduction potential relies on the rapid development of hydrogen production, transportation, and utilization technologies. Firstly, the development of on-site electrolysis for hydrogen production and early deployment of industrial hydrogen applications should be prioritized to stimulate overall growth of hydrogen industry and cost reduction. Secondly, vigorous development of renewable energy electrolysis and hydrogen end-use technologies like fuel cells should be pursued, along with the demonstration and promotion of hydrogen transportation technologies. Lastly, further advancement of carbon market mechanisms is essential to support the widespread adoption of hydrogen technologies.
中国能源向碳中和转型过程中的氢气供需分析
氢气在向碳中和能源系统过渡中的作用将受到碳中和路径、制氢技术成本和氢气运输成本等关键因素的影响。现有研究并未全面分析和比较这些关键因素对中国碳中和路径下氢气供需发展的影响。本研究利用全球变化评估模型(GCAM)的升级版氢能模块,在考虑各种碳中和路径以及氢气生产和运输成本的基础上,对中国氢能产业的发展潜力进行了评估。研究结果表明,到 2050 年,氢能可占终端能源的 8%-14%,每年可减少 10-170 亿吨碳排放,平均减排成本为 85-183 美元 t-1CO2。预计氢气总产量将达到 7,500-1,350 万吨,其中 34%-56% 来自可再生能源电解,约 15%-29% 来自化石燃料的碳捕获与储存。从部门层面来看,到 2050 年,工业和交通部门的氢气需求预计将分别达到 3,700 万至 6,300 万吨和 3,000 万至 4,200 万吨,分别可减少约 0.6 至 0.9 BtCO2 和 0.5 至 0.6 BtCO2。据估计,氢气在钢铁和化工行业最终能源中所占比例分别为 9%-19% 和 17%-25%,合计占氢气总需求的 36%-42%,占总减排潜力的 46%-50%。氢气减排潜力的实现有赖于氢气生产、运输和利用技术的快速发展。首先,应优先发展现场电解制氢技术,及早部署工业氢应用,以刺激氢产业的整体增长和成本降低。其次,应大力发展可再生能源电解和燃料电池等氢气终端应用技术,同时示范和推广氢气运输技术。最后,进一步推进碳市场机制对于支持氢技术的广泛应用至关重要。
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来源期刊
Advances in Climate Change Research
Advances in Climate Change Research Earth and Planetary Sciences-Atmospheric Science
CiteScore
9.80
自引率
4.10%
发文量
424
审稿时长
107 days
期刊介绍: Advances in Climate Change Research publishes scientific research and analyses on climate change and the interactions of climate change with society. This journal encompasses basic science and economic, social, and policy research, including studies on mitigation and adaptation to climate change. Advances in Climate Change Research attempts to promote research in climate change and provide an impetus for the application of research achievements in numerous aspects, such as socioeconomic sustainable development, responses to the adaptation and mitigation of climate change, diplomatic negotiations of climate and environment policies, and the protection and exploitation of natural resources.
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